不同海拔高度对苦荞子粒营养成分的影响

分析了5个苦荞[Fagopyrum tataricum(L.)Gaertn]品种在湖北省五峰县2个不同海拔高度生态试验点的子粒黄酮、氨基酸和多酚含量变化,旨在为摸索苦荞高效栽培模式,并为选育生态弱响应苦荞新品种奠定基础。结果表明,高海拔种植可提高苦荞黄酮、氨基酸与多酚的含量;相同海拔种植条件下,品种间的黄酮、氨基酸和多酚含量也存在显著性差异,西农9909在2个生态试验点的子粒黄酮含量分别极显著(P0.01)和显著(P0.05)高于其他品种;与海拔1 400 m种植相比,海拔780 m种植条件下品种间3种营养成分下降幅度均呈现不同程度的变化,其中黄酮含量各品种下降幅度较小,为2.86%~10.53%,多酚含量下降幅度为4.74%~28.57%,氨基酸含量下降幅度最大,为9.52%~77.59%;不同品种对海拔高度变化的敏感性也不同,在供试的5个品种中,SNKQ-1对生态环境因子变化钝感,而云荞2号对生态环境因子变化敏感。     

99份苦荞主要农艺性状评价与筛选

为了对苦荞的主要农艺性状进行综合评价,筛选优质苦荞品种,以99份苦荞（国外51份、国内48份）为试验材料,通过变异分析、相关分析和综合得分F值等方法对99份苦荞的11个农艺性状进行分析。结果表明：苦荞11个农艺性状间存在较大变异,变异系数均大于0.1;单株粒重、单株粒数、千粒重和株高与籽粒产量呈极显著正相关;主成分分析显示,前4个主成分的累计贡献率为73.234%,第一主成分中负有最高荷载的为单株粒数和单株粒重;聚类分析将99份苦荞分为6个类群,其中类群Ⅳ的18份品种性状优良,可作为核心种质资源。苦荞选育时应重点考虑单株粒数和单株粒重2个性状指标。综合聚类分析和综合得分F值筛选出23份高产优质苦荞,其中12份为国外引进品种。     

Effect of Fagopyrum dibotryis Superfine Powder on the Immune Function and the Growth and Development of Broilers

In order to study the effects of Fagopyrum dibotryis superfine powder on the immune function and growth and development of broilers,160 one-day-old White feather broilers were chosen and randomly divided into 4 groups. The nasal drops were given with Newcastle disease live vaccine at 7 days old,and Newcastle disease-avian influenza inactivated vaccine was given by subcutaneous injection (0.3 mL/only).After 12 h,each group was fed with different feeds,the broilers in the low and high dose groups were fed diet supplemented 4.50‰,8.75‰ Fagopyrum dibotryis superfine powder,respectively,administration for 7 d. The broilers in the positive control group were fed diet added 400 g/L Astragalus polysaccharide, continuous administration for 7 d,and feed of blank control group did not add any drugs. The lymphocytes and serum were collected and then used for the separation of lymphocytes and serum at 7,21 and 35 d after the end of the administration. The proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes was measured by CCK-8 method. The titer of serum was evaluated by the hemagglutination inhibition test.The body weight of each group was weighed at the same time.After that,the rats were sacrificed,the spleen and bursa of Fabricius were used to calculate the immune organ index. The results showed that compared with the control group,the F/G of high dose group,low dose group and Astragalus polysaccharide group were decreased by different degrees at 7,21 and 35 d after the end of the administration (P>0.05). In addition,the proliferation ability of the peripheral blood lymphocytes,immune antibody level and the body weight in broilers of administration groups were increased,in which the titers of AIV and NDV antibodies were extremely significantly increased in high dose group compared with the control group (P<0.01).Meanwhile the Fagopyrum dibotryis superfine powder also could increase the spleen and bursa of Fabricius indexes. In conclusion,the Fagopyrum dibotryis superfine powder could significantly improve the cellular immunity, humoral immunity and nonspecific immune function of broilers,and significantly increased the body weight. According to the specification of the results of the instructions, we could determine that it had the effect to comprehensively improve the immunity and growth of White feather broilers. The study could lay the foundation of the future development of Fagopyrum dibotryis superfine powder into a new natural herbal medicine and feed additives.     

苦荞全生育期芦丁积累与其生物合成途径相关基因表达分析

【目的】探究苦荞全生育期芦丁含量变化与其合成途径关键酶基因和调控因子MYB基因表达量之间的相关性,以期进一步明确苦荞植株体内芦丁生物合成的分子机制。【方法】以九江苦荞为试验材料,整个生育期分别在萌发期、子叶期、真叶期、盛叶期、现蕾期、盛花期、灌浆期和籽粒成熟期共8个时期取材(S1—S8)。采用RT-PCR方法,克隆获得与黄酮类代谢相关的MYB类转录因子基因。采用T-coffee软件进行氨基酸同源序列比对及保守结构域分析。与拟南芥黄酮类代谢相关的MYB转录因子及荞麦同源MYB转录因子序列比对,基于邻近法构建系统进化树;实时荧光定量PCR技术分析芦丁合成途径中5个关键酶Ft CHS、Ft F3H、Ft4CL、Ft FLS-like和Ft UFGT及上述克隆到的MYB转录因子在不同组织中的表达模式。基于高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定全生育期取材组织的芦丁含量。同时采用相关性分析方法分析不同组织中芦丁含量变化与基因表达模式的相关性。转换上述数据为矩阵,采用欧式距离法构建共表达层次聚类图谱。【结果】克隆到2个MYB类转录因子,即Ft MYB7和Ft MYB9,其核酸序列长度分别为876和912 bp,分别编码291和303个氨基酸残基。氨基酸序列同源性比对分析结果表明,二者均具有典型的R2R3保守结构域,为R2R3类型的MYB转录因子。结合Nr数据库中17个苦荞和3个拟南芥黄酮类代谢相关MYB转录因子同源氨基酸序列构建系统进化树,结果表明这22个基因分成6大类群,其中Ft MYB7属于第II类群,Ft MYB9属于第IV类群,二者分属于不同类群,暗示这2个MYB转录因子可能涉及调控植物生长发育过程中不同功能类型。荧光定量结果显示,Ft MYB7在S3(真叶期)和S5(现蕾期)基因相对表达量最高,达到501和867倍;Ft MYB9在S1(萌发期)和S2(子叶期)相对表达量最高,分别为34和72倍。上述基因表达量与芦丁含量变化模式相关性分析表明,8个生长时期中,Ft4CL、Ft CHS、Ft F3H、Ft UFGT和Ft MYB7相对表达模式与芦丁含量变化幅度呈正相关,其相关系数分别为0.748、0.683、0.704、0.890和0.862。而Ft FLS-like和Ft MYB9与芦丁含量的变化幅度呈负相关,其相关系数分别为-0.442和-0.501。【结论】Ft MYB7和Ft MYB9转录因子在整个生育时期中表达模式存在明显差异。其中Ft MYB7可能在苦荞芦丁积累的过程中起到正调控作用,而Ft MYB9则为负调控作用。     

4种除草剂对胡麻田油菜、荞麦和苦荞麦的防除效果

中国西北和华北地区油菜、荞麦和苦荞麦种植面积较大,其收获时遗落在土壤中的种子翌年出苗后变成了严重危害胡麻的杂草,已成为胡麻生产中亟待解决的突出问题。笔者对2甲·辛酰溴等4种除草剂防除胡麻田油菜、荞麦和苦荞麦开展了应用试验,结果表明：40% 2甲·辛酰溴乳油、25%辛酰溴苯腈乳油和80%溴苯腈可溶粉剂3种除草剂是防除胡麻田油菜的高效除草剂,在600、450、480 g/hm²剂量下药后45天的株防效和鲜重防效均达100%,胡麻增产率分别为83.24%、87.79%、88.13%,3种除草剂在推荐剂量下对胡麻安全,其大面积示范推广的适宜剂量分别为600、450、480 g/hm²。40% 2甲·辛酰溴乳油、25%辛酰溴苯腈乳油、80%溴苯腈可溶粉剂和24%氨氯吡啶酸水剂4种除草剂是防除胡麻田荞麦的高效除草剂,在660、450、540、180 g/hm²剂量下药后45天的株防效在90.32%~98.07%,鲜重防效在97.30%~99.27%,胡麻增产率在87.31%~92.80%,4种除草剂在推荐剂量下对胡麻安全,其大面积示范推广的适宜剂量分别为660、450、540、180 g/hm²,24%氨氯吡啶酸水剂需使用防护罩喷头进行定向喷雾。24%氨氯吡啶酸水剂是防除胡麻田苦荞麦的高效除草剂,在216 g/hm²剂量下药后45天的株防效和鲜重防效分别为91.42%和98.71%,胡麻增产率为94.24%,此种除草剂在使用防护罩喷头进行定向喷雾条件下对胡麻安全,其大面积示范推广的适宜剂量为216 g/hm²。     

Effects of uniconazole or gibberellic acid application on the lignin metabolism in relation to lodging resistance of culm in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum M.)

Lignin plays an important role in increasing the mechanical intensity of culm and improving lodging resistance of culm. In this study, three common buckwheat, Youqiao2 (lodging‐tolerant cultivar; YQ2), Ningqiao1 (middle lodging‐tolerant cultivar; NQ1) and Ukraine daliqiao (lodging‐susceptible cultivar; UD), were used to investigate the effects of spraying exogenous hormones uniconazole (S‐3307) or gibberellic acid (GA3) on lignin metabolism and its relation to lodging resistance in the three common buckwheat cultivars. Results showed that application of S‐3307 significantly increased lignin content and its related enzymes activities of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL), 4‐hydroxy cinnamoyl CoA ligase (4CL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) and peroxidase (POD). The major genes involved in lignin synthesis, PAL, CCR (cinnamyl CoA reductase), C4H (cinnamate4‐hydroxylase), 4CL and CCoAOMT (caffeoyl CoA O‐methyltransferase), were all upregulated expression, and COMT (catechol‐O‐methyltransferase) was downregulated. What is more, application of S‐3307 significantly improved the resistance of common buckwheat stem to lodging and increased yield. Whereas, spraying with GA3 caused opposite effect on those characteristics. These results suggested that application of exogenous S‐3307 or GA3 significantly changed the risk of lodging occurred by regulating the lignin metabolism in culms of common buckwheat.     

Reproductive Deterioration in Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) under Summer Conditions

To resolve the problem of low and unstable yield in buckwheat under unsuitable environmental conditions, five varieties were grown and compared in summer and autumn. Vegetative and reproductive growth characteristics were investigated, and embryo development was observed with Nomarski's differential interference contrast (DIG) microscopy. In summer, under high temperatures and longer day-length, autumn-type varieties showed faster vegetative growth and later reproductive development as compared to summer-types. In the autumn, with generally good climatic condition for buckwheat growth in southern part of Japan, the embryo sacs and zygotes of both types developed normally. At 3 days after pollination (DAP), the embryos reached the globular stage. In summer, however, mostly abnormal embryo sacs were observed 3 DAP, leading to incomplete development, failure of fertilization or abortion of embryo. The abnormal embryo sacs were classified into 6 types. Abnormality of either type occurred in 91—100 % of the tetraploids, which is higher than in the diploids (50—77 %). The present study, conducted to clarify the factors causing low seed set in buckwheat under summer conditions, provides detailed information for further breeding of environment-tolerant buckwheat. Di-ploid genotypes which are less sensitive to unfavourable conditions and, thus, show more efficient fertilization in summer, should be considered for use as breeding material in buckwheat.     

苦荞黄酮类化合物研究进展

黄酮类化合物是一类生理活性物质,具有特殊的保健和药用功能。概述了苦荞中黄酮类化合物的化学组成、含量分布和提取纯化方法,并展望了苦荞黄酮类化合物的开发利用。     

甜荞FaesFUL4基因的克隆与表达分析

本研究采用同源克隆的方法,从甜荞(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)品种‘北早生’中分离出调控果实发育的FaesFUL4基因,该基因的cDNA序列全长795 bp,包含一个长为714 bp完整的开放阅读框,共编码237个氨基酸和1个终止密码子。分子系统发生分析和同源蛋白比对结果显示:FaesFUL4蛋白属于A类MADS-box基因家族AP1/SQUA亚家族的euFUL进化系,含有MADS、I、K和C末端四个明显的结构域,且C末端转录激活区含有2个保守的模体(Motif):FUL motif和paleoAP1 motif。基因表达的组织特异性分析表明:FaesFUL4基因主要在甜荞叶片、花序和果实中表达,在根和茎中有微量表达,其在花序中的相对表达量最高。进一步分析基因在果实不同发育时期的表达量发现,其在果实迅速膨大期表达量最高。因此推测该基因不但参与调控花器官的发育过程,且对于维持果实的正常发育具有重要作用。     

异花授粉作物大白菜和荞麦基因库种子繁殖技术研究

 用大白菜和荞麦 ,设 2 5、50、1 0 0、1 50、2 0 0株 5种不同群体 ;采用纱网隔离 ,人工链式、成对杂交及人工辅助或虫媒等不同授粉方式的田间种植试验。观察、记载主要农艺性状 ,测定各繁种方法与原种繁殖前后 9种同工酶 ,计算遗传多样性指数 ,比较不同种群间及原种与繁殖后代间的差异显著性 (遗传相似性 )。提出这两种作物基因库种子的最佳繁种措施 :荞麦在网罩内种 50～ 1 0 0株 ,采用家蝇传粉 ;大白菜种植 50～ 1 0 0株 ,群体内进行人工链式杂交