高含水率刀豆、茄子和青椒的等温解吸规律

对高含水率刀豆(普通浓度、高浓度预处理和未预处理)、茄子和青椒(普通浓度预处理)进行了静态下平衡含水率(EMC)的测定试验(在40℃、60℃和80℃的解吸环境温度,5％～88％的相对湿度下),得出了其反映平衡含水率与温湿度关系的等温解吸曲线,讨论了温湿度、预处理及种类对平衡含水率影响的规律。并对普通浓度预处理刀豆选择了最适宜的平衡含水率模型;EMC=[(1n(1-RH))/(-aT)]~(1/b),确定了其模型系数为:a=0.63,b=2.77。     

玉米酸豆奶的研制

该文对玉米酸豆奶的加工工艺进行探讨，用玉米糖化产物作为乳酸菌发酵基质，采用正交试验设计确定了玉米酸豆奶的主要工艺因素：豆奶与玉米浆配比为70∶30，发酵温度42℃，发酵时间6 h，保加利亚乳杆菌∶嗜热链球菌为1∶2；选择加入稳定剂解决玉米酸豆奶杀菌时产生的分层现象；对乳酸菌进行驯化，以适合在豆奶中生长。     

豆腐乳感官和理化品质的主成分分析

对市售的16种豆腐乳利用感官评定和理化分析结果进行主成分分析和综合评价,结果表明,感官评判的前4个主成分可以解释豆腐乳感官品质的85.25%,前4个主成分的贡献率分别为49.60%,16.76%,12.05%,6.87%;理化成分的前4个主成分可以解释豆腐乳理化特性的79.02%,前4个主成分的贡献率分别为32.68%,21.33%,17.82%,7.20%。利用感官评分和理化特性的主成分分析结果,分别对所取样品进行了综合评分     

Agrobiodiversity of eleven accessions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mucuna pruriens</Emphasis> (L.) DC. var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">utilis</Emphasis> (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck (velvet bean) collected from four districts of South India

Eleven accessions of an under-utilized legume, Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck (velvet bean) were collected from four districts of South India and their agronomic characters were evaluated. The vegetative growth characters such as the germination percentage, plant height, number of leaves and branches per plant were recorded. The yield based characters such as the number of clusters/plant (4–14), number of flowers/cluster (3–15) and the fertility index (66–91%) were observed. The seed yield reaches 2.9–6.9 t/ha. The number of seeds per pod, seed weight and the seed recovery percentage were also calculated. The level of diversity in the agrobotanical traits of velvet bean observed in the present study could be of interest in a breeding programme.     

Seed compositional and disease resistance differences among gene pools in cultivated common bean

It is widely accepted that two major gene pools exist in cultivatedcommon bean, one Middle American and one Andean. Recently another gene pool,designated as North Andean and a fourth group (not considered to be adistinct gene pool) have been reported by the senior author and hiscolleagues. Many of the agronomic and seed compositional attributes of the twomajor gene pools are well known, but the seed compositional value and diseaseresistance of the North Andean gene pool has not yet been characterized. Torectify this situation, the seed compositional characters, percentage of proteinconcentrations (phaseolin, lectin and -amylaseinhibitor), the nutrient elements (calcium, phosphorus, iron andzinc) and the disease and pest attributes (angular leaf spot,anthracnose, common bacterial blight and empoasca damage) were considered.The Middle American gene pool gave higher lectin, calcium, phosphorus, sulfurand zinc than the Andean gene pool but lower phaseolin and iron. The NorthAndean gene pool is more like the Andean gene pool for phaseolin, resistance toangular leaf spot and anthracnose from Andean pathogen isolates, but more likethe Middle American gene pool for lectin, zinc, sulfur and resistance toanthracnose from Middle American pathogen isolates. On the other hand, it hadthe highest iron concentration and was more resistant to common bacterialblight. These results indicate the potential value of this gene pool in a commonbean breeding program.     

Benefits of inoculation of the common bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus vulgaris</Emphasis>) crop with efficient and competitive<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Rhizobium tropici</Emphasis> strains

Cropping in low fertility soils, especially those poor in N, contributes greatly to the low common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) yield, and therefore the benefits of biological nitrogen fixation must be intensively explored to increase yields at a low cost. Six field experiments were performed in oxisols of Paraná State, southern Brazil, with a high population of indigenous common bean rhizobia, estimated at a minimum of 10³ cells g^–1 soil. Despite the high population, inoculation allowed an increase in rhizobial population and in nodule occupancy, and further increases were obtained with reinoculation in the following seasons. Thus, considering the treatments inoculated with the most effective strains (H 12, H 20, PRF 81 and CIAT 899), nodule occupancy increased from an average of 28% in the first experiment to 56% after four inoculation procedures. The establishment of the selected strains increased nodulation, N₂ fixation rates (evaluated by total N and N-ureide) and on average for the six experiments the strains H 12 and H 20 showed increases of 437 and 465 kg ha^–1, respectively,in relation to the indigenous rhizobial population. A synergistic effect between low levels of N fertilizer and inoculation with superior strains was also observed, resulting in yield increases in two other experiments. The soil rhizobial population decreased 1 year after the last cropping, but remained high in the plots that had been inoculated. DGGE analysis of soil extracts showed that the massive inoculation apparently did not affect the composition of the bacterial community.     

不同抗旱性绿豆突变体的抗旱生理特性

对抗旱性不同的4个绿豆材料〔包括3个突变体172-3(高抗)、159-1(中抗)、145-1(弱抗)和原材料中绿2号(不抗)〕在不同生育期不同程度水分胁迫下的抗旱生理特性进行了研究。发现随着水分胁迫的加剧,抗旱性强的突变体其脯氨酸(proline,Pro)积累量加大,膜透性损伤程度变小,MDA含量增加幅度小,SOD活性明显高于抗性低的品种,表明这些生理特性与绿豆的抗旱性有关。     

Analysis of the contribution of Mesoamerican and Andean gene pools to European common bean (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus vulgaris</Emphasis> L.) germplasm and strategies to establish a core collection

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was introduced in Europe from both Mesoamerican and Andean centres of origin. In this study, a collection including 544 accessions from all European regions showed that the Andean phaseolin types ‘T’ (45.6%) and ‘C’ (30.7%) prevailed over the Mesoamerican ones ‘S’ (23.7%), and accessions with cuboid seed shape (34.9%), maroon coat darker colour seed (44.3%), uniform seed colour (69.6%) were the most frequent. European accessions with phaseolin ‘S’ showed a significantly larger average seed size compared to those from America in the same phaseolin class while those presenting ‘T’ and ‘C’ phaseolin did not. This suggests that, during crop expansion in Europe, sampling or selection favoured the large-seeded races within the Mesoamerican ‘S’ gene pool or, possibly, introgression from Andean germplasm did occur. A core collection was developed using sampling approaches based on the information available in the genebank databases and on phaseolin patterns. Four sampling strategies were used: simple random sampling, and three random-stratified samplings, by logarithm of frequency of accessions by country, by European region, and by phaseolin pattern, respectively. Two sampling strategies resulted in core collections significantly different for phaseolin electrophoretic patterns from the whole collection. Stratification by phaseolin patterns increased the frequency of ‘S’ types (‘C’ type = 33%, ‘T’ type = 5.7% and ‘S’ type = 31.3%). The core collections were validated using seven seed characters, and no significant difference was observed in all strategies. This first developed European bean core collection will help to assess the contribution of the two American gene pools to the European germplasm and their relative importance for breeding purposes.     

Cultivar selection as a tool for managing soil phosphorus and faba bean yield ‎sustainability

ABSTRACT

A sustainable agricultural tactics for countering a possible phosphate shrinking should comprise the releasing of legacy soil phosphorus (P), in parallel to lowering P fertilizer load, and increasing the use of recycled P sources with economic crop yield in mind. Therefore, a field trail was conducted to estimate the possibility of choosing the appropriate cultivar as a tool to raise the use efficiency of reserved soil P. Herein, three faba bean cultivars (Sakha-3, Nubaria-1 and Giza-843) were evaluated under five applications of P fertilizer (rock phosphate, super phosphate, Bacillus megaterium, rock phosphate+B. megaterium, and super phosphate+B. megaterium). Findings showed that the lowest value of estimated available P in soil after harvest was obtained from plots sown by Sakha-3 plants and fertilized with super phosphate+B. megaterium. Plots sown with Nubaria-1 and fertilized by rock phosphate+B. megaterium or B. megaterium (for weight of 100 seeds and seed yield) in addition to super phosphate+B. megaterium (for seed yield) produced the maximum increases. The highest P recovery efficiency was achieved with Nubaria-1 inoculated by B. megaterium alone. In conclusion, super phosphate+B. megaterium × Nubaria-1 achieve maximum crop returns and secure high short-term recovery of applied P.