Foraging behaviour and habitat use by Antechinus flavipes and Sminthopsis murina (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in response to predation risk in eucalypt woodland

We examined the foraging behaviour and habitat use of two species of small Australian mammal (Antechinus flavipes and Sminthopsis murina) in response to predation risk in remnant eucalypt woodland. Predation risk was manipulated by providing refuge in the form of ground level wire netting to reduce risks from avian and mammalian predators. Giving-up-densities (GUD) using artificial food trays (20 mealworms in 1.5 l vermiculite) quantified the foraging behaviour in response to predation risk, by measuring the quitting harvest rate. Both A. flavipes and S. murina had lower GUDs (number of mealworms remaining) under the netting than in the open, most likely because these areas have lower predation risk. Animals also made greater visits to tracking tunnels under the netting compared to in the open. Tracking animal movements using fluorescent pigments also revealed preference for natural microhabitats that were structurally complex with animals moving most where logs and rock crevices were present. These results suggest that small mammals may use habitat structure to reduce their risks of predation. If future studies are able to demonstrate commensurate population-level responses, manipulation of habitat may be a useful management option to complement the direct control of exotic predators such as foxes and feral cats.     

孔隙结构图像分析中不同试验因素对分析结果的影响

研究了不同试验因素 (包括图像分辨率、土壤切片定向性、分析区域大小等 )对孔隙结构图像分析结果的影响以及试验误差 ,并简要介绍了用于分析土壤孔隙结构的土壤切片及数字图像的制备技术。结果表明 :不同试验因素对分析结果均会产生一定的影响 ,试验误差约在 1 0 %。这表明同一研究中应保持试验条件的相对一致以保证分析结果的可靠性和可比性     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域土壤入渗分布规律的研究

通过野外土壤入渗试验，分析了３种入渗公式中参数在该流域不同地貌特征与不同土地利用条件下的变化规律，探讨了不同地貌耕作措施，初始土地壤含水率，积水深度等因素对土壤入渗的影响。     

江西千烟洲试验区大气降雨及人工林树干茎流特征

对中国科学院千烟洲试验区大气降水特征及人工林树干茎流进行了研究，结果表明：年降雨量大部分集中在3～9月份，其中以5月份最大，日降雨量低于5.0mm的小雨较多。以木荷林的干流量最大，为100.54mm，其次是蓝桉，为66.96mm，其它的顺序分别是：枫香41.21mm、喜树36.73mm、苦楝28.26mm，湿地松最小，为15.97mm。6种森林类型干流量的月际变化基本上都是随着降水量增加而增加，其中以木荷林较为明显。但是各森林类型的干流率则大致相同，有时降水量增大干流率反而减少，如2月份降水量仅8.3mm，6种森林类型的干流量分别只有0.57mm、0.39mm、0.03mm、0.16mm、0.12mm和0.41mm，干流率却分别达到6.87％、4.60％0.36％、1.93％、1.45％和4.94％；4月份的降水量达到了218.9mm，干流率却分别只有6.03％、2.61％1.05％、2.45％、1.87％和4.33％。     

免疫禽脑脊髓炎弱毒疫苗后肉种鸡琼扩抗体的动态变化

为探讨肉种鸡免疫禽脑脊髓炎(AE)弱毒疫苗的抗体变化规律及其与后裔雏鸡对禽脑脊髓炎病毒(AEV)易感性的相互关系，本研究用琼脂扩散试验对14周龄免疫禽脑脊髓炎(AE)弱毒疫苗的5群艾维茵父母代肉种鸡，其中1群于34周龄加免AE油乳剂灭活苗，从20至60周龄对其AE抗体进行动态监测。结果发现：1)单免弱毒疫苗的4群种鸡，其AE抗体阳性率呈双低谷曲线变化规律，32周龄之前较高，为95％～83.4％；36～40周龄降至67.5％～71．1％，最低可至56．7％；44周龄转而升至80％以上，48～52周龄再度降至59．1％～67．5％：56周龄以后又呈上升(84．2％)。2)AE抗体低谷期间种鸡产蛋率明显降低，其后裔雏鸡AE母源抗体明显降低，而且衰减快。14日龄颈部皮下注射AEV Van Roekel，50％的雏鸡在攻毒后13d发生AE。有些雏鸡在14～21日龄自然发生AE。3)加免AE油乳剂灭活苗可避免种鸡AE抗体低谷期的出现。以上结果表明，在我国养鸡实际生产中种鸡开产前免疫1次AE弱毒疫苗，不足以为整个产蛋期提供有效保护，AE弱毒疫苗和灭活油苗联合应用是预防AE的有效措施。     

Calreticulin expression is necessary for protective immune effect of T-cell vaccine in EAE mice

AIM:To study the role of cell membrane ectopic calreticulin (CALR) expression on the protective immunie effect of T-cell vaccine (TCV) on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS:EAE model was established by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG_35-55) immunization in C57BL/6 mice, and the mice were immunized with MOG_35-55-specific CALR⁺ and CALR^- T-lymphocytes. Symptomatic scores were compared at the maximum of the disease. On the 15th day after immunization, the proportion of CD4⁺ CD25⁺ Foxp3⁺ regulatory T cells (Treg) in the spleen, and the expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-10 and IL-17A in the serum were measured. RESULTS:Increased expression of CALR in activated T cells after γ-irradiation was observed. Blockade of CALR on the vaccinating T-cell surface reduced the protective effect of TCV. Furthermore, blockade of CALR reduced the number of Treg in the spleen and up-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION:CALR expression in the T cells is necessary for the protective immunity induced by TCV in EAE mice.     

Neuroprotective effect of fasudil combined with bone marrow-derived neural stem cells on mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

AIM: To explore the neuroprotective effect of fasudil combined with bone marrow-derived neural stem cells (BM-NSCs) on the mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice (8~10 weeks old, n=32) were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG_35-55) to establish chronic EAE model. The mice were randomly divided into control (ddH₂O) group, fasudil group, BM-NSCs group, and fasudil+BM-NSCs group. The clinical score and body weight were recorded every other day. The expression of neurotrophic factors was determined by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: In comparison with ddH₂O group, fasudil combined with BM-NSCs delayed onset and ameliorated severity of EAE. The numbers of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 and ciliary neurotrophic factor positive cells in fasudil group, BM-NSCs group and fasudil+BM-NSCs group were all increased in various extents. In particularly, the expression of these neurotrophic factors in fasudil+BM-NSCs group was significantly higher than that in the mice treated with fasudil or BM-NSCs alone (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Fasudil combined with BM-NSCs promotes the expression of neurotrophic factors and improves microenvironment of central nervous system, thus playing a positive role in neural restoration and regeneration through a synergistic and superimposed effect.     

浅谈培养高职学生计算机实验能力

高职教育的"职业性"特点决定培养高素质的技术应用型、创新型专业人才.本文根据高职学生的培养目标,结合计算机实验教学,就高职学生实验能力的培养作些探讨.     

浅谈计算机实验教学中素质教育的作用

计算机实验教学在培养学生的科学素质和创新素质方面具有独特的作用,是培养高素质人才的重要课堂。计算机实验具有很强的实践性和应用性,所用知识种类较多,实验方法多样,是促进高校大学生素质教育向纵深发展的重要阵地。     

光周期对烟粉虱生长发育及繁殖的影响

[目的]研究了光周期对扬州地区烟粉虱实验种群的影响。[方法]采自扬州郊区茄科蔬菜上的烟粉虱为供试虫源,选用扬州生产上常用的茄子品种扬茄一号为供试寄主,设置9个光周期处理研究了光周期对烟粉虱生长发育及繁殖的影响。[结果]光周期对烟粉虱种群增长影响显著。光照时间在0～21h,光照时间越长,烟粉虱的生长发育就越快,则世代历期就越短。世代发育速率表现为21L:3D>24L:0D>18L:6D>15L:9D>12L:12D>9L:15D>6L:18D>3L:21D>0L:24D。在24h光照条件下,种群增长指数最高,达109.80;光照时间在18h以上,6h以下,烟粉虱的发育历期显著增加;随着光周期的延长,烟粉虱子代性比、产卵量均呈线性回归。[结论]光周期的长短对烟粉虱种群增长、子代性比、成虫每雌的产卵量的影响很显著。