中国牡丹切花保鲜研究进展

对近20年来中国牡丹切花保鲜方面的最新研究进行了综述,以期为正在和将要从事牡丹切花保鲜研究的人们提供参考.我国的牡丹切花保鲜研究的对象多为中原牡丹品种群的品种,研究问题主要涉及乙烯、水分、保鲜剂等方面,关于分子水平上牡丹切花保鲜机理的研究未见报道.牡丹切花保鲜方面还有不少问题亟待开展或进行深入研究.     

A new descriptive method for fruit firmness changes with various softening patterns of kiwifruit

We have proposed a new interpretation of fruit softening. This was accomplished by generating a hypothesis that probabilities of decay of fruit structure obey the Weibull probabilistic model that has been used in the field of reliability engineering. The elasticity of individual kiwifruit after harvest was continually and nondestructively measured until decomposition by using a laser Doppler vibrometer. The obtained decreasing pattern of elasticity of individual fruit was complex, diverse, and inhomogeneous. Nonetheless, it was satisfactorily explained by a tandem combination of 2 Weibull models involving 4 types of parameters: “shape” related to probability; “scale,” to velocity of decay; “location,” to time lag; and “mixing ratio,” to contribution of the 2 models. Averages of location, shape, and mixing ratio parameters obtained by the measurement of 33 fruit were significantly different between the 2 models, but the scale parameter was not. The results suggested that the complex softening patterns of individual kiwifruit could be described using the tandem model of Weibull distribution, and that the softening process of kiwifruit consisted of at least 2 independent decay phases that are characterized by 2 of 5 parameters: location and mixing ratio. Commencement of the first decay phase could be caused by ethylene treatment after harvest, and the second one spontaneously triggered after a certain time lag.     

植物香豆素生物合成途径及关键酶基因研究进展

香豆素是来源于苯丙烷代谢途径中重要的次级代谢产物,具有多种生物活性,对植物的生长发育及应答逆境胁迫有重要作用。本研究对香豆素生物合成途径以及所涉及的关键酶基因研究进展进行综述,分析了葡萄糖基转移酶基因家族的系统进化,并对香豆素目前研究的问题进行总结以及今后的研究方向进行展望,以期为香豆素生物合成及其后续研究提供借鉴。     

乙烯在Ⅰ-69杨茎插穗不定根形成中的作用

以I-69杨嫩枝、半硬枝和一年生硬枝为试验材料,研究了乙烯在茎插穗不定根形成中的作用。生长素类物质处理可诱导乙烯释放,在扦插生根的整个过程中,乙烯释放量均比对照高,同时促进不定根形成。而用GA_3、ABA和KT处理,乙烯释放量均与对照相同,它们不促进,甚至抑制或强烈抑制不定根形成。用浓度为25μg·ml~(-1)-1000μg·ml~(-1)的乙烯气体处理,均能促进I-69杨硬枝插穗不定根形成和芽的萌发。乙烯利处理,低浓度(小于25μg·ml~(-1))促进,随浓度提高从无促进到抑制。高浓度乙烯利、IBA和NAA处理插穗其形态变化相似。试验结果认为乙烯对I-69杨插穗不定根形成的作用与生长素相类似,低浓度促进,高浓度抑制。     

Screening of extracts of Japanese woods for melanin biosynthesis inhibition

The effects of 120 methanol extracts prepared from bark and heartwood of 69 types of Japanese wood on the melanin production of B16 melanoma cells were examined. The melanin content of B16 melanoma cells was determined spectrophotometrically at 405nm. The extracts were also examined for their effects on cell viability. We found that the methanol extracts of Fagus crenata (buna, wood, 100μg/ml), Sapium sebiferum (Nankinhaze, wood, bark, 10μg/ml), and Zelkova serrata (keyaki, wood, 10μg/ml) greatly inhibited the melanin production of B16 melanoma cells without significant cytotoxicity. However, these extracts did not inhibit tyrosinase activity at the concentration of 100μg/ml. These findings indicate that the depigmenting mechanism of these extracts involves the suppression of some pigmenting signals in stimulating melanogenesis rather than the inhibition of tyrosinase activity. Part of this study was presented at the 53rd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Fukuoka, Japan, March 2003     

沙棘不落果原因探讨

沙棘果实成熟与衰老时均不脱落,甚至干缩在果枝上,为了研究沙棘不落果原因,寻求促进落果的有效方法,我们进行了下列实验。一、材料与方法 (一)外施乙烯与ABA于果实完熟前期(9月中下旬)剪取中国沙棘(Hippophaerhamnoides L.Subsp.Sinesis)、西藏沙棘(H.thibetana Schlechtend)带叶果枝,将下端分别浸于装有500、1000ppm乙烯利,50、100ppm ABA与50、100ppm6-康基氨基腺     

Characterization of the products resulting from ethylene glycol liquefaction of cellulose

The composition of liquefied cellulose in the presence of ethylene glycol (EG) was studied. The liquefied products were fractionated and analyzed with highperformance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. EG-glucosides were detected as the only saccharides and 2-hydroxyethyl levulinate as the highly decomposed compound derived from cellulose. Quantitative analysis of the EG-glucosides and levulinic acid that comes from the levulinate shows the presence of the following mechanism in the EG-liquefaction of cellulose. First, cellulose is degraded and produces considerable amounts of EG-glucosides during the early stage of liquefaction. Then, when liquefaction is prolonged, the glucosides are decomposed, leading to a large quantity of levulinates.     

Chemical analysis of the product in acid-catalyzed solvolysis of cellulose using polyethylene glycol and ethylene carbonate

Degradation and decomposition of cellulose were studied in an acid-catalyzed solvolysis treatment of biomass using polyethylene glycol (PEG) and ethylene carbonate (EC). The solvolysis reaction was followed by a typical reaction system of wood liquefaction that uses sulfuric acid catalyst at 140° or 150°C at atmospheric pressure. The methods of fractionation and chemical analysis of the degraded cellulose in the solvolyzed product are discussed. The solvolyzed product was separated into several fractions, and they were hydrolyzed to release glucose and levulinic acid to determine the quantity of glucosides and levulinates in the solvolysis product. The data clearly showed that the solvolysis reaction had the same mechanism when using PEG or EC. Degradation of cellulose leads to the formation of glucosides, which then decompose, resulting in a levulinic acid structure, and producing a water-insoluble fraction. The conversion rates of both glucosides and levulinates strongly depend on the reaction conditions of the solvolysis. In particular, EC promotes faster conversion of the reactions. The method discussed here is a chemical analytical technique for characterization of the products of wood liquefaction.     

The genetic organization of the capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis region of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 14

The genetic organization of the gene involved in the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) biosynthesis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 14 has been determined. The DNA region for the CPS biosynthesis of serotype 14 (cps14) comprised 9 open reading frames, designated as cps14AB₁B₂B₃CDEFG genes, encoding Cps14A to Cps14G protein, respectively. Cps14A was similar to CpsA of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 4 and 12; the Cps14B₁ and Cps14B₂ were similar to CpsB of A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 4 and 12, suggesting that CPS structure of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 14 would belong to Group I including A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1, 4, 12 and 15. Surprisingly, the overall nucleotide sequence, deduced amino acid sequence, and the genetic organization of the cps14 were nearly identical to those of Actinobacillus suis. This study will provide the molecular basic knowledge for development of diagnostics and vaccine of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 14.