储藏过程中不同涂膜处理方式对槟榔鲜果品质的影响

为探究不同涂膜处理对槟榔鲜果储藏过程中品质的影响，以无菌蒸馏水(CK)、壳聚糖(T₁)、壳聚糖-茶多酚-百里香酚(T₂)3组涂膜剂分别对槟榔鲜果进行表面涂膜处理后装于PE带孔包装袋中，测定13℃、65%相对湿度下贮藏40 d鲜果的品质变化规律。结果表明，T₁和T₂涂膜处理有效延缓和抑制了鲜果腐烂软化、果仁褐变、黄化、失水皱缩，货架期可从常温5 d延长至处理后35 d。相较于CK组，T₁处理有效抑制了鲜果黄化，但T₂处理综合保鲜效果最佳，除可增强鲜果初期抗氧化能力外，还可显著抑制失重率和腐烂率上升，第35天时腐烂率仅为8%。同时，T₂处理的鲜果色泽更加稳定，果仁褐变不明显。另外，呼吸强度、硬度、纤维素和木质素含量等指标的变化情况表明，储藏25 d后，T₂涂膜处理可稳定维持储藏期内鲜果生理代谢能力，保鲜效果显著优于CK组，因此T₂涂膜处理可作为一种绿色安全、经济、有效的槟榔鲜果保鲜方法。     

AOS1 基因克隆及其在鲜切芋头褐变中的表达模式分析

【目的】鲜切芋头即使在低温条件下贮藏，贮藏期间仍会出现变黄变褐的现象，严重影响鲜切芋头的商品性。从鲜切芋头中克隆丙二烯氧化物合成酶（Allene oxide synthase, AOS）基因 AOS1，并分析其表达与鲜切芋头褐变的关系，鉴定鲜切芋头褐变过程中的重要功能基因，为鲜切芋头褐变机制研究提供参考。【方法】以鲜切芋头 cDNA 为模板，采用 RT-PCR 法克隆 AOS1 基因编码序列（Coding sequence, CDS）；采用荧光定量 PCR 法分析鲜切芋头褐变过程中 AOS1 表达情况，利用转录组测序数据分析外源褐变抑制剂处理对 AOS1表达的影响，并分析 AOS1 启动子序列。【结果】20 ℃条件下，鲜切芋头贮藏 24 h 切面出现明显的变黄变褐症状，而 4 ℃下贮藏 12 d 才出现明显的褐变症状，表明贮藏温度是影响鲜切芋头褐变进程的重要因素，低温贮藏可有效抑制鲜切芋头褐变。芋头 AOS1 基因的 CDS 全长为 1 560 bp，编码 519 个氨基酸残基；AOS1 基因编码蛋白质的分子量为 57.63 kD，等电点为 8.68，定位在叶绿体。植物 AOS1 蛋白序列相似性较低，芋头 AOS1 与番茄AOS1、拟南芥 AOS1 蛋白的亲缘较远，但天南星科植物 AOS1 蛋白的序列同源性较高。芋头 AOS1 启动子中含有许多植物激素和逆境响应元件，AOS1 表达在鲜切处理后显著上调，表明切分处理诱导了 AOS1 的表达。随着鲜切芋头褐变进展，AOS1 表达量逐渐增加，外源乙醇酸和香草酸处理 AOS1 表达显著下调，表明 AOS1 表达与鲜切芋头褐变有关。【结论】鲜切芋头褐变与 AOS1 表达具有明显正相关性，切分去皮等处理可能通过诱导 AOS1表达促进鲜切芋头褐变。     

蝴蝶兰高效离体繁殖途径的研究

以蝴蝶兰花梗为初次诱导的外植体,对蝴蝶兰的离体繁殖途径进行了研究。结果发现,通过花梗腋 芽萌发可获得无菌芽,再以所得的嫩芽茎段和叶子作为离体培养的增殖材料,2-3个月后便可获得大量的不定芽。 该结果表明:(1)在初次培养中加入PVP并进行暗培养,其抗褐化效果最佳。(2)增殖培养基以MS+6-BA 0．5 mg／L+KT 1．0 mg／L+NAA 0．2 mg／L或MS+6-BA 2．0 mg／L+NAA 0．5 mg／L组合较好,其茎段萌发率均高 达90％,增殖倍数分别高达2．8和2．9;叶片芽的诱导率分别为56％和57％,增殖倍数最高达4．8和4．6。(3)经济 有效的壮苗和生根诱导培养基为“改良VW+6-BA 0．1 mg／L+NAA 0．5 mg／L+IBA 0．2 mg／L”,芽的有效率为 88％,发根率达93％。     

Polyphenoloxidase activity and browning in fresh-cut ‘Rocha’ pear as affected by pH,phenolic substrates,and antibrowning additives

The effect of pH, phenolic substrates, and food additives on polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity and on tissue browning was studied in fresh-cut ‘Rocha’ pear. Substrates 4-methylcatechol, caffeic acid, (+)-catechin hydrate, catechol, chlorogenic acid, dopamine hydrochloride, and pyrogallol, were prepared in citric acid-phosphate buffer at pHs ranging from 3.0 to 8.0. pH optima for PPO activity depended on the phenolic substrate. Activity was optimal at pH 5.0 for catechol and 4-methylcatechol; pH 6.0 for chlorogenic acid; pH 7.0 for dopamine, caffeic acid, and catechin; and pH 8.0 for pyrogallol. Discrepancies were observed between the pH dependency of PPO activity and browning, as assessed by objective color measurement. Significant correlations were obtained between enzyme activity and metric-hue difference (ΔH*) over the pH range 3.0–8.0 for four of the eight phenolics. Chlorogenic acid, the main PPO substrate in ‘Rocha’ pear, induced high tissue browning but very low PPO activity at pH 3.0–4.0. Chemical inhibition of PPO was tested using catechol as substrate, and buffer solutions containing 250 mM Ca²⁺ in four salts (ascorbate, chloride, lactate and propionate), 57 mM ascorbic acid, 61 mM N-acetyl-l-cysteine and 3 mM 4-hexylresorcinol. PPO inhibition by additives was affected by the pH of the buffer, and was more effective with ascorbic acid, N-acetyl-l-cysteine and calcium ascorbate. It was concluded that inferences on tissue browning based on PPO activity can be misleading. Measurement of tissue color is proposed as a reliable means to assess the antibrowning effectiveness of additives and the pH of additives for cut pear should be corrected to reduce the browning potential.     

不同污染方式下铅对茶园土壤氮素转化及其相关微生物和酶活性的影响

为探讨不同污染方式的Pb对茶园土壤氮素转化的影响，采用盆栽试验对累积和一次性添加不同浓度Pb条件下茶园土壤中氮素含量、相关微生物和酶活性进行了研究。结果表明：累积污染处理的土壤中Pb全量和有效态含量高于一次污染处理。Pb污染对土壤、茶苗植株的氮含量影响表现为：增加土壤中全氮和¹⁵N含量，减少茶苗地上部全氮和¹⁵N含量。添加Pb浓度为900 mg/kg时，累积污染处理促进根系全氮和¹⁵N含量，一次污染则显著抑制；累积污染处理的茶苗根和地上部中的氮含量显著高于一次污染(P<0.05)。Pb污染对氮循环相关微生物的影响表现为：氨化细菌、自生固氮菌、亚硝酸细菌和硝酸细菌的数量减少，反硝化细菌的数量增加。Pb的不同污染方式对茶园土壤与氮循环相关微生物数量的影响不显著(P>0.05)。Pb污染抑制脲酶、亚硝化还原酶和硝酸还原酶活性，对蛋白酶活性存在“低促高抑”现象；高浓度Pb(900 mg/kg)污染时，累积处理显著增加土壤羟胺还原酶活性，一次处理则显著抑制。两种污染方式对土壤脲酶、硝酸还原酶和羟胺还原酶活性的影响因Pb...     

Zooplanktivore fish body growth responses to browning-induced light limitation vary over ontogeny,but not with fish density

Ongoing climate change is leading to browning of many lakes and coastal areas, which can impair fish body growth and biomass production. However, whether and how effects of light limitation caused by browning on fish body growth vary over early ontogeny is unknown. In this study, we set up a mesocosm experiment to test whether roach (Rutilus rutilus) body growth responses to browning depend on body size, and if findings are robust over roach densities. We also studied a potential mechanism for size-specific responses by conducting an aquaria experiment to test if size-specific prey selectivity in roach changes with browning. We found that roach body growth responses to browning-induced light limitation vary over ontogeny (independent of roach density), negatively affecting body growth of young-of-the-year (YOY) but not of 1-year-old individuals. We also show that this difference in growth response is likely a consequence of browning-induced alterations in zooplankton community composition and variation in prey selectivity between YOY and 1-year-old fish. This suggests that we should account for the diverse effects of browning over fish ontogeny, mediated via altered prey composition and ontogenetic changes in prey preference, when assessing overall impacts of browning on aquatic ecosystems.     

基于图像分割的甘薯抗褐变种质资源的快速鉴定

为探究基于图像识别技术的甘薯种质抗褐变能力快速鉴定方法，以98份甘薯品种为材料，基于MATLAB R2018b,利用二值化分割图像背景，检测甘薯切片图像像素值，并利用RGB颜色通过聚类分析分类，应用欧氏距离计算不同类型的甘薯褐变面积，并计算褐变面积在整个甘薯切面的比重。结果表明：分割图像背景后，通过聚类分析将98份材料按薯肉色分为40个白色系品种，35个黄色系品种，23个桔红色系品种。利用不同品种褐变面积比重及方差分析筛选出的优质抗褐变甘薯品种有：白肉色系品种‘紫云薯’、‘川薯231’、‘川薯218’;黄肉色系品种‘龙薯21’、‘齐宁31号’、‘冀菜薯7号’;桔红肉色系品种‘金薯69’。因此，基于颜色空间和欧氏距离的图像分割方法可用于甘薯种质的抗褐变能力快速、准确地鉴定。     

Studies on classification models to discriminate ‘Braeburn’ apples affected by internal browning using the optical properties measured by time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy

This work aimed at studying the feasibility of time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy (TRS) to nondestructively detect internal browning (IB) in ‘Braeburn’ apples through the development of classification models based on absorption (μ_a) and scattering (μ_s′) properties of the pulp.This research was carried out in two seasons: in 2009, apples were measured by TRS at 670 nm and in the 740–1040 nm spectral range on four equidistant points around the equator, whereas in 2010 apples were measured by TRS at 670 nm and at 780 nm on eight equidistant points.The values of the absorption coefficients measured in the 670–940 nm range increased with IB development. On the contrary, μ_s′780 was higher in healthy fruit than in IB ones. The μ_a780 also significantly increased with IB severity, showing high values when IB affected the pulp tissues compared to the core ones. Also μ_a670 changed with IB development, but it was not able to clearly discriminate healthy fruit from IB ones because its value was also affected by the chlorophyll content of the pulp.The absorption and scattering coefficients were used as explanatory variables in the linear discriminant analysis in order to classify each apple tissue as healthy or IB; then the models obtained were used for fruit classification. The best classification performance was obtained in 2010 using μ_a780 and μ_s′780 and considering the IB position within the fruit: 90% of healthy fruit and 71% of IB fruit were correctly classified. By using all the μ_a measured in the 670–1040 nm range plus the μ_s′780, IB fruit classification was slightly better while healthy fruit classification was worse. The better result of 2010 was due to the increased number of TRS measurement points that allowed better exploration of the fruit tissues. However, the asymmetric nature of this disorder makes detection difficult, especially when the disorder is localized in the inner part of the fruit (core) or when it occurs in spots. A different TRS set-up (position and distance of fibers, time resolution) should be studied in order to reach the deeper tissue within the fruit in order to improve browning detection.