大花蕙兰原球茎增殖、分化与离体保存的研究

以大花蕙兰原球茎为材料,从培养时间、基本培养基、糖浓度、培养方式及切割方式5个方面探讨了原球茎增殖、分化及离体保存的问题。结果表明,2个月内随着培养时间的延长,原球茎增殖与分化越显著,但培养2个月后,原球茎增殖不明显,分化却持续增加;1/2MS基本培养基利于原球茎增殖与分化,而3MS基本培养基利于原球茎保存;糖浓度的高低对原球茎增殖与分化影响显著,20 g·L~(-1)蔗糖适于原球茎保存,50 g·L~(-1)蔗糖适于原球茎增殖,而原球茎分化成苗应选用30 g·L~(-1)白糖;在3种培养方式中,固体培养利于原球茎分化,液体振荡培养利于原球茎增殖,液体静置培养利于原球茎离体保存;片状切割法利于原球茎增殖与分化,整体剥离接种法利于原球茎保存。即以2.0 mg·L~(-1) 6-BA+0.1 mg·L~(-1) NAA为激素组合时,以片状切割法接种原球茎于1/2MS+50 g·L~(-1)蔗糖的培养基中并以液体振荡方式培养时利于原球茎增殖;以片状切割法接种原球茎于1/2MS+30 g·L~(-1)白糖的培养基添中并以固体方式培养时利于原球茎分化成试管苗;以整体剥离法接种原球茎于3MS+20 g·L~(-1)蔗糖培养基中并以液体静置方式培养时利于原球茎保存。上述结论为大花蕙兰试管苗快速繁殖与离体保存提供了有效的技术支持。     

果实采后酶促褐变研究进展

综述了近年来国内外有关果实酶促褐变的研究进展。褐变主要发生在果实采后贮藏期，褐变的根本原因是果实衰老，果实褐变是多酚氧化酶氧化酚类物质的结果，用有机酸等抗氧化剂抑制多酚氧化酶活性可抑制褐变的发生，抑制衰老的物质也能减轻褐变的发生。     

Changes in the genetic structure of Bacteria and microbial activity in an agricultural soil amended with tannery sludge

The application of tannery sludge to soils is a form of recycling; however, few studies have examined the impacts of this practice on soil microbial properties. We studied effects of two applications (2006 and 2007) of tannery sludge (with a low chromium content) on the structure of the bacterial community and on the microbial activity of soils. We fertilized an agricultural area in Rolândia, Paraná state, Brazil with different doses of sludge based on total N content, which ranged from 0 to 1200 kg N ha⁻¹. Sludge remained on the soil surface for three months before being plowed. Soils were sampled seven times during the experiment. Bacterial community structure, assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), was modified by the application of tannery sludge. Soon after the first application, there was clear separation between the bacterial communities in different treatments, such that each dose of sludge was associated with a specific community. These differences remained until 300 days after application and also after the second sludge application, but 666 days after the beginning of the experiment no differences were found in the bacterial communities of the lowest doses and the control. The principal response curve (PRC) analysis showed that the first sludge application strongly stimulated biological activity even 300 days after application. The second application also stimulated activity, but at a lower magnitude and for a shorter time, given that 260 days after the second application there was no difference in biological activity among treatments. PRC also showed that the properties most influenced by the application of tannery sludge were enzymatic activities related to N cycling (asparaginase and urease). The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that tannery sludge’s influence on microbial activity is mainly related to increases in inorganic N and soil pH. Results showed that changes in the structure of the bacterial community in the studied soils were directly related to changes of their biological activity.     

纤维素复合酶对小麦日粮酶解效果的研究

通过使用不同添加量饲用纤维素复合酶在不同时间预消化处理小麦日粮,研究饲用纤维素复合酶添加量对小麦日粮酶解效果的影响。试验结果表明：添加饲用纤维素复合酶对小麦日粮的酶解率、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维有影响,但并不是饲用纤维素复合酶的添加量越高作用效果越明显。在36h处理组中,饲用纤维素复合酶添加量在0．2‰水平下,酶解效果最好,与添加量为0．12％。与0．16％。相比,差异极显著（P〈0．01）;在12h、48h处理组中,饲用纤维素复合酶添加量为0．12％。与0．16％。0．2‰水平的相比,差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

不同植物激素对冬凌草愈伤组织增殖及褐化的影响

研究了不同种类的植物激素对冬凌草叶片诱导愈伤组织及褐化的影响,结果表明:培养基中植物激素的种类、浓度及其组合对愈伤组织增殖及褐变影响较大。适宜浓度的2,4-D、IAA和NAA生长素、KT和6-BA细胞分裂素及GA3,能不同程度地减轻或抑制褐化,促进愈伤组织的生长,其中以2,4-D(2.5) KT(0.2) GA3(0.2)效果最好。     

Calcium and magnesium interactions in browning of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples with bitter pit

The role of Ca and Mg in the enzymatic browning of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was explored. Enzymatic browning due to polyphenol oxidase (PPO) was stimulated with the addition of 0.8–10 mM MgCl₂ to the reaction mixture, whereas 0.8–10 mM CaCl₂ had little effect or decreased the rate of enzymatic browning. Within a week after vacuum infiltration with MgCl₂, treated fruits exhibited browning symptoms that were similar to bitter pit. Six months after vacuum infiltration, when analyzed for enzyme activity, MgCl₂-treated fruits exhibited higher rates of PPO activity, whereas CaCl₂-treated fruits had lower activity than the MgCl₂-treated fruits and the controls. A hypothesis is advanced that the initial visible symptoms of bitter pit, i.e. the localized browning, is caused by PPO, its activity being stimulated by the localized Mg/Ca imbalance present in the tissue. The results indicate that Ca is predominant in the prevention of this disorder, whereas a deficiency of Ca is involved in its induction.     

干旱胁迫对甘蔗近缘材料抗氧化系统酶活性的影响

本文报道了在干旱胁迫条件下甘蔗栽培种ROC22和ROC16与近缘种果蔗、大茎野生种、斑茅、割手密抗氧化系统相关酶活性的变化情况。结果表明:斑茅的POD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量均最高,推测其是抗旱性强的材料。另外,甘蔗野生的近缘种斑茅、割手密、果蔗、大野的SOD、POD、CAT酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量均明显高于栽培种ROC22和ROC16,可以认为野生的甘蔗近缘种材料抗旱性高于栽培种。不同胁迫时间与SOD、POD、CAT酶活性存在一定的相关性,与可溶性蛋白含量存在负相关性。     

橄榄浓缩汁加工过程中的褐变类型

通过检测橄榄浓缩汁加工过程中的多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性,多酚、VC、5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)含量和褐变度等指标,研究整个加工过程中各阶段的褐变类型,分析褐变机制.结果表明:橄榄浓缩汁在加工过程中,热烫基本抑制了橄榄汁的酶促褐变,全过程以非酶促褐变为主;VC氧化褐变持续存在,加工过程中损失了90%以上;热烫、酶解和浓缩阶段发生了美拉德反应,最终5-HMF的含量升高至0.9174 mg·L-1.     

兔眼蓝莓组织培养过程中褐化与生根问题的探讨

以兔眼蓝莓茎尖和茎段形成的愈伤组织和长期继代培养的试管苗为材料,接种于改良的WPM和1/2WPM的培养基中,研究活性炭与Vc液对兔眼蓝莓外植体和愈伤组织形成中褐化的影响以及外源体、活性炭对无根苗瓶内生根的影响。结果表明,当培养基中加入Vc液并含100～200 mg·L-1的活性炭时,能有效防止外植体褐化的发生;当培养基中加入Vc液并含200～500 mg·L-1活性碳时,可有效防止愈伤组织褐化发生。蓝莓继代培养试管苗在1/2 WPM的培养基中添加0.2 mg·L-1IBA,并含100～200 mg·L-1活性炭时生根情况最为理想,经过7 d暗培养,30 d后生根率高达87.8%。     

氧等离子体改性酶解木质素/杨木纤维复合材料热压工艺研究

采用响应面法优化了氧等离子体改性酶解木质素/杨木纤维复合材料的热压工艺参数。结果表明,纤维含水率和热压温度对复合材料的物理力学性能有显著影响。优化后的热压工艺参数范围为:热压温度205～210℃,纤维含水率17%～20%,热压时间63～68 s/mm。