Welfare and environmental benefits of integrating commercially viable free-range broiler chickens into newly planted woodland: A UK case study

The commercial, welfare and environmental impacts of rearing small colonies of free-range chickens in newly planted woodland at two sites in the UK, during the first 2 years of the enterprise, were investigated. Newly planted rather than established trees were used so that commercially viable species could be planted in a way that would suit the management of the chicken enterprise, and small colonies were used so that farmers wishing to diversify could buy into the system progressively. It was anticipated that marketing a high specification product would provide an immediate income, whilst waiting for the future investment in trees to grow.     

Environmental services and poverty reduction: Options for smallholders in the Sahel

Environmental service provision is increasingly discussed as a potential new venue for the simultaneous pursuit of development and natural resource conservation objectives, particularly among landowners in the low-income tropics. To date, most of the experience with such market-regulated mechanisms comes from water and forest projects in Latin America. Preliminary evidence suggests that participation of, and benefits to, small-scale land users are highly unequal and that the synergistic goals of poverty reduction and resource conservation through these emerging market mechanisms might be overly ambitious. This paper assesses the possibility of pro-poor environmental service provision through carbon sequestration among smallholders in the Sahel. It focuses on a case study in the small-scale, rain-fed agricultural systems of the Old Peanut Basin of Senegal. Based on a conceptual framework including economic, institutional, policy and livelihood factors, it assesses to the extent to which specific groups of farmers are able or willing to participate in and benefit from potential carbon offset programs. Finally, the paper stresses the need for adequate and equitable financial support and a careful rethinking of the institutional structures necessary to enhance rural livelihoods and natural resource management in drylands, with or without market-based environmental service programs.     

秸秆沼气化发电技术生命周期评估及经济分析

该研究基于生命周期评价方法和时间价值动态分析方法对沼气直燃发电技术、沼气燃料电池发电技术作可行性分析,并与燃煤发电技术相比,旨在综合评估三种发电技术在环境和经济上的特点,为发电方式选择提供参考依据。结果表明：沼气燃料电池发电技术环境效益最佳,总环境影响负荷为8.55×10^-4,沼气直燃发电技术总环境影响负荷为2.15×10^-2,两者相较于燃煤发电(2.97×10^-1)的减排量分别为99.71%和92.76%。在经济上,沼气直燃发电技术的投资回收期最短(12.03 a),运营期净现值可达1 361 246 Yuan/MW;其次是燃煤发电技术(14.5 a),净现值为423 933 Yuan/MW;沼气燃料电池发电技术动态回收期>20 a且未实现盈余。说明沼气直燃发电技术在近期内将仍是替代燃煤发电的最佳发电技术之一。     

环境伦理学对中国风景园林发展的启示

论述了环境伦理学指导我国园林发展的必要性,以及环境伦理学对我国园林发展的启示,从而对环境伦理学在园林事业发展中的应用进行探讨,提出在城市发展决策和风景园林规划设计,以及在相关法律、法规和行政机构、社会结构中确立环境伦理学价值观的重要意义。     

谈实现城市景观设计完整性的三步骤

结合实例阐述城市景观设计完整性的三大步骤,即环境分析、造景目的和实现技法,并指出景观设计完整性对景观建设的积极意义。     

农田黑土季节性冻融过程及其水分分布特征

秋冬、冬春季节转换过程中0~10 cm农田黑土温度日较差较大,土壤经历着反复的冻融交替过程,大于20 cm的土壤温度日较差逐渐减小,冻融作用对深层土壤的影响逐渐减弱。融冻期土壤融化过程是由地表向下和由季节冻结层底面向上两个方向同时进行;而冻融期土壤冻结过程由土壤表面向下单方向进行。冻融过程中土壤水分发生迁移而重新分布,冻结期上层土壤首先冻结并聚集水分;融化期冻层融化水分向冻结锋面迁移,越靠近冻结层水分含量越大。     

氧化节杆菌生物降解苯并芘

A pot experiment was conducted with multi-metal (Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn) contaminated acidic soil to investigate changes in available metal burden resulting from the application of industrial wastes (fly ash and steel slag). The efficiency of amendments-induced metal stabilization was evaluated by diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), sequential extraction, and plant uptake. The stability of remediation was assessed by an acidification test and by chemical equilibrium modeling. Addition of fly ash (20 g kg-1 ) and steel slag (3 g kg-1 ) resulted in similar increase in soil pH. Both amendments significantly decreased the concentrations of metals measured with DGT (C DGT) and the metal uptake by Oryza sativa L. Significant correlations were found between C DGT and the concentration of a combination of metal fractions (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, and bound to Fe/Mn oxides), unraveling the labile species that participate in the flux of metal resupply. The capability of metal resupply, as reflected by the R (ratio of C DGT to pore water metal concentration) values, significantly decreased in the amended soils. The C DGT correlated well with the plant uptake, suggesting that DGT is a good indicator for bioavailability. Acidification raised the extractable metal concentration in amended soil but the concentration did not return to the pre-amendment level. Equilibrium modeling indicated that the soil amendments induced the precipitation of several Fe, Al and Ca minerals, which may play a positive role in metal stabilization. Chemical stabilization with alkaline amendments could be an effective and stable soil remediation strategy for attenuating metal bioavailability and reducing plant metal uptake.     

吉林省经济增长与环境污染水平演进关系的实证研究

基于环境库兹涅茨曲线假设(EKC),采用吉林省1981-2010年的环境污染指标与经济增长指标数据,经统计回归得到环境污染指标与经济增长指标演进关系的计量模型,进而研究分析EKC的曲线特征.结果表明:吉林省的环境污染指标EKC形状不完全符合典型的“倒U型”特征.其中,工业废水排放量的EKC呈现“正U+倒U型”,在2009年出现拐点;工业废气排放量EKC呈连续增长态势,无拐点;工业固体废弃物产生量的EKC大致处于“倒U型”的左半部分,预计于2014年到达拐点;工业粉尘排放量的EKC呈对数函数,呈逐渐减小的趋势,不存在拐点;工业SO2排放量的EKC呈“正U+倒U型”,2008年出现拐点;工业废水COD排放量的EKC呈现不明显的“正U+倒U型”,2009年出现拐点,吉林省总体环境污染处于不断改善的阶段.灰色关联分析表明:吉林省环境污染指标的主要影响因素有工业比率、第三产业比率、单位GDP能耗、环境科研人数4个方面.吉林省必须采取一系列有效的对策,优化现有产业结构、加大科技创新力度、提高环境科研人员数量与素质,以保证经济增长与环境保护协调健康发展.     

我国农业面源污染治理技术研究进展

随着我国经济社会的进一步发展,农业面源污染已经成为造成我国环境污染尤其是水环境污染的主要因素,农业面源污染治理技术的研究也越来越得到政府和科技工作者的重视。本文重点介绍了当前我国农业面源污染的状况、农业面源污染的成因及特征,并从农村生活污水的治理技术、农村生活垃圾的处理处置技术、农田径流生态拦截技术以及包括化肥减量化技术和农药减量化与残留控制技术为主的农业化学品减量使用技术等方面介绍了我国农业面源污染治理研究的发展现状,提出未来我国农业面源污染治理的系统控制思想和相关技术研究的趋势,包括系统控制与区域治理结合、技术研发与工程示范结合、面源污染控制与管理结合及建立健全国家级农业面源污染监测评价与预警体系等。     

生物质灰对红壤酸度的改良效果

用采自安徽、浙江、湖南和广东的4种红壤和1种赤红壤,通过室内培养实验研究了添加生物质灰对酸性土壤的改良效果。结果表明,添加生物质灰提高了土壤p H,降低了土壤交换性铝含量,且阳离子交换量(CEC)越小改良效果越明显。改良后土壤交换性K+、Ca2+、Mg2+含量也显著增加,交换性Ca2+增幅最大,其次为交换性K+。有效磷含量也有增加,磷含量较高的土壤有效磷增幅更大。虽然生物质灰含有一定量的重金属,但由于用量较少,对土壤有效态重金属含量的影响小,施用生物质灰的环境风险较小。总之,添加生物质灰不仅可以有效改良红壤酸度,还可提高红壤肥力。