Effect of Dietary Nonstructural Carbohydrate Content on Activation of 5′‐Adenosine Monophosphate‐Activated Protein Kinase in Liver,Skeletal Muscle,and Digital Laminae of Lean and Obese Ponies

Background

In EMS‐associated laminitis, laminar failure may occur in response to energy failure related to insulin resistance (IR) or to the effect of hyperinsulinemia on laminar tissue. 5′‐Adenosine‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a marker of tissue energy deprivation, which may occur in IR.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To characterize tissue AMPK regulation in ponies subjected to a dietary carbohydrate (CHO) challenge.

Animals

Twenty‐two mixed‐breed ponies.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting for total AMPK and phospho(P)‐AMPK and RT‐qPCR for AMPK‐responsive genes were performed on laminar, liver, and skeletal muscle samples collected after a 7‐day feeding protocol in which ponies stratified on body condition score (BCS; obese or lean) were fed either a low‐CHO diet (ESC + starch, approximately 7% DM; n = 5 obese, 5 lean) or a high‐CHO diet (ESC + starch, approximately 42% DM; n = 6 obese, 6 lean).

Results

5′‐Adenosine‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase was immunolocalized to laminar keratinocytes, dermal constituents, and hepatocytes. A high‐CHO diet resulted in significantly decreased laminar [P‐AMPK] in lean ponies (P = .03), but no changes in skeletal muscle (lean, P = .33; obese, P = .43) or liver (lean, P = .84; obese, P = .13) [P‐AMPK]. An inverse correlation existed between [blood glucose] and laminar [P‐AMPK] in obese ponies on a high‐CHO diet.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Laminar tissue exhibited a normal response to a high‐CHO diet (decreased [P‐AMPK]), whereas this response was not observed in liver and skeletal muscle in both lean (skeletal muscle, P = .33; liver, P = .84) and obese (skeletal muscle, P = .43; liver, P = .13) ponies.     

Lysine requirement studies in modern genotype barrows dependent on age,protein deposition and dietary lysine efficiency

N balance experiments were conducted to derive age‐dependent model parameters for modelling of lysine (Lys) requirements in growing pigs. Modern genotype barrows from 16 litters were utilized (four piglets/litter) at 15, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 110 kg body weight respectively. Six diets provided graded dietary protein supply (40 to 320 g/kg) by a constant mixture of barley, wheat, potato protein, wheat gluten, soybean protein concentrate and crystalline amino acids. Lys was set as the first limiting dietary amino acid. Each age period provided 24 N balance data (n = 4) to derive N maintenance requirement (NMR) and theoretical maximum for daily N retention (NR_maxT) by non‐linear regression analysis. At high dietary Lys efficiency, 17–18 g daily Lys intake was required for 170 g daily protein deposition. To achieve similar daily protein deposition, pigs need 21–23 g Lys if the Lys efficiency is 20% lower. For higher daily protein deposition (195–200 g) and varying dietary Lys efficiency, between 22 and 29 g Lys was required. The Lys requirement data yielded by modelling were in line with current recommendations. Further developments of the approach are discussed to improve age‐independent applications.     

鱼类对饲料中糖的利用研究进展

糖类是鱼类饲料中廉价的能量源,然而,与陆生动物相比,鱼类对饲料中糖的利用能力较低。本文综述了这方面的最新研究进展,包括鱼类对饲料糖的利用能力与鱼饲料中糖的适宜含量、影响因素及鱼类的糖代谢机制。     

AMPK对动物营养代谢的调节作用

AMPK是一种能被腺苷一磷酸(AMP)激活的蛋白激酶。该酶的作用底物包括β—羟基—β甲基—戊二酸单酰CoA还原酶(HMGR) ,乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC) ,激素敏感脂酶(HSL) ,糖原合成酶。当细胞能量被耗竭、腺苷一磷酸/腺苷三磷酸比(AMP/ATP)增加时 ,AMPK被活化 ,继而通过调节上述底物酶而改变脂类和碳水化合物代谢 ,使其朝着抑制ATP消耗过程、促进ATP生成反应的方向进行 ,从而使细胞能量得到迅速恢复。AMPK的这种“燃料开关“作用在动物抵御和适应环境应激的过程中起着重要作用。AMPK可能参与家畜应激营养代谢及营养代谢疾病的调节     

维生素E吸收、转运、代谢机理的研究进展

维生素E是对动物体十分重要的脂溶性维生素。动物对维生素E的利用需要经过肠道的吸收、血液中脂蛋白的转运、肝脏的储存和调控及机体各个组织的摄取和代谢;这些过程涉及到多种生理学机制,包括多种载体的转运、酶类的催化及其他营养素的互作等。了解这些机制有助于人们探索动物体利用维生素E的关键点,继而通过调控这些关键点促进动物对维生素E的利用。作者简要总结了有关维生素E在动物及人类体内吸收、转运、代谢过程机理的最新研究结果。     

牛磺胆酸对小鼠体内氧自由基的影响

为了研究牛磺胆酸(TCA)对小鼠体内氧自由基代谢的影响,采用黄嘌呤氧化酶法、二硫代二硝基苯甲酸法、紫外分光光度法、硫代巴比妥酸法和酶联免疫特异性测定法分别测定了给药后小鼠血浆、肝脏和脑组织中总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力、脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量及血浆中一氧化氯合酶(NOS)的活力.结果显示,低剂量TCA能显著提高血浆、肝脏和脑组织中GSP-PX活力及肝脏和脑组织中CAT活力,显著降低血浆中GSH-PX活力和脑组织中GSH-PX活力.高剂量的TCA能显著提高血浆中GSH-PX、肝脏和脑组织中T-SOD、GSH-PX及肝脏中CAT活力.低、高剂量的TCA能显著降低血浆、肝脏和脑组织中MDA的含量,以及提高血浆中NOS活力.结果证明,TCA的抗氧自由基作用与其提高体内SOD、GSH-PX、CAT、NOS的活力和降低MDA含量有关.     

氮沉降对植物-丛枝菌根共生体影响的研究进展

氮沉降是影响陆地生态系统的重要环境因子。丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)作为一种能够与绝大多数植物共生并广泛存在的土壤微生物,对植物生长、养分吸收以及抗逆性等均具有重要的调节作用,而针对氮沉降对植物-丛枝菌根共生体影响的研究往往被忽视。基于此,笔者从氮沉降对菌根侵染特性、菌根多样性、菌根对宿主植物生长发育、氮代谢、磷吸收以及对宿主植物生物多样性影响等方面进行了归纳总结,并提出应重点关注的研究方向,旨为菌根生理生态学的研究提供一定的科学依据。     

24月龄生长母水牛绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对24月龄母水牛绝食产热(Fasting heat production,FHP)进行研究。结果表明:①24月龄母水牛FHP为306.013kJ/kgW0.75·d;每天排出内源尿氮(EUN)为39.66g;单位代谢体重每天排出EUN为0.48g;蛋白分解产热占总产热量为17.13%;EUN与FHP比值为1.60mg/kJ。②24月龄母水牛维持净能需要:NEm=397.817kJ/W0.75·d。     

上黄村草地生态系统能流和物流的初步研究

上黄村草地土壤生态系统能量投入主要是动力投入,无营养物质投入。人工草地能量产出占总能量产出的50％以上,而面积仅占总面积的20％～52％；草地能量投入具有起伏性,产出具有波动性。草地土壤生态系统营养物质移出是草地土壤肥力退化的根本原因,无营养物质投入的人工草地更加剧了营养物质的迁出及土壤肥力的退化。