免疫组化法检测促黄体素受体在多浪羊和卡拉库尔羊卵巢上的分布

为从形态学角度理解内分泌调节过程,揭示促黄体生成素(luteotropic hormone,LH)对雌性哺乳动物卵巢调节作用机制,试验采用免疫组织化学SP方法研究促黄体生成素受体(luteotropic hormone receptors,LHR)在多浪羊和卡拉库尔羊卵巢组织中的分布与表达,分别选取相邻的5张连续切片,光镜观察、图像分析。结果显示,多浪羊与卡拉库尔羊的LHR阳性物质主要见于膜细胞、卵母细胞、颗粒细胞和血管周围间质,尤其在膜细胞和卵泡颗粒细胞的胞质中分布最多。原始卵泡卵母细胞中便有LHR受体阳性物质分布,在各级卵泡中LHR阳性细胞数量和染色强度随卵泡发育呈正向增加趋势。     

紫花苜蓿对猪骨骼肌细胞肝X受体基因和蛋白表达的影响

为了探讨紫花苜蓿对猪骨骼肌细胞中肝X受体(liver X receptors,LXRs)表达的影响及其与胴体肉质的关系,采用免疫组织化学方法检测LXRs蛋白的分布,通过酶联免疫方法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)研究LXRs蛋白总量的改变,以荧光定量PCR方法分析猪骨骼肌细胞中LXRs基因mRNA的表达变化。结果表明,LXRs定位于骨骼肌细胞的细胞质、细胞膜和细胞核内;与对照组相比,日粮中添加4%紫花苜蓿能使LXRs基因和蛋白表达量明显上升(P<0.05),并使猪的瘦肉率降低(P>0.05),肌内脂肪含量显著增高(P<0.05),同时大理石纹评分较好(P<0.05),滴水损失下降(P<0.05),细胞间隙变小(P<0.05);添加6%紫花苜蓿使LXRs基因和蛋白表达量上升(P<0.05),但低于4%紫花苜蓿组(P>0.05),同时大理石纹评分及失水率增高(P<0.05),板油重下降(P<0.05)。结果提示,紫花苜蓿添加量的不同对猪肉品质的作用效果不同,为紫花苜蓿在养猪业的科学应用奠定了理论基础。     

神经肽Y系统在硬骨鱼类摄食调控中的作用的研究进展

对硬骨鱼摄食调节机制的研究可以为鱼类养殖中优化饲料配方和养殖方式提供重要的科学指导。在众多参与摄食调节的内分泌因子中,神经肽Y(neuropeptide Y,NPY)家族多肽由于同时参与脑和胃肠道对食欲的调节,备受研究者关注。哺乳动物中存在3种类型的NPY家族多肽,其中NPY是脑中的促摄食因子,而肽YY(peptide YY,PYY)和胰多肽(pancreatic polypeptide,PP)是胃肠道中的抑摄食因子。这3种多肽与其共同的受体——NPY家族受体结合发挥其生理作用。NPY家族多肽和受体被共同称为NPY系统。硬骨鱼经历了第3次基因组复制,其NPY系统的组成更为复杂。目前对于硬骨鱼NPY系统在摄食调节中具体作用的研究还很不完善,尤其是对NPY家族受体的研究尚处于起步阶段。本文论述了硬骨鱼中NPY系统的组成、受体与配体的结合能力以及NPY家族多肽和受体在摄食调节中的作用,以期为该领域未来的研究提供参考。     

Antinociceptive effects of intrathecal 5-HT agonists in sheep

Objectives To examine the role of spinal 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) binding sites in nociceptive processing in conscious sheep and to study the role of 5‐HT agonists in mediating analgesia. Study design Prospective controlled study. Animals Nine adult healthy female sheep (Swaledale, Swaledale‐cross or Clun Forest) weighing 45–65 kg. Methods Intrathecal (IT) catheters were implanted at the cervical (n = 5) or lumbar (n = 4) level of the spinal cord under general anaesthesia. At least 1 week later, and at 1 week intervals thereafter, the effects of intrathecal Ringer's solution (control), xylazine (100 µg), 5‐HT creatinine sulphate (200, 400 and 800 µg), RU24969 (200 µg), α‐Methyl‐5‐HT and 1‐(3‐Chlorophenyl)‐biguanide (CPBG) on the mechanical nociceptive threshold (MT) were studied. Results were plotted as mean variable versus time curves. Areas under portions of the curves (0–30 and 0–60 minutes) were measured and expressed as mean ± standard error. Differences between values for control and drug trials were examined using the two‐tailed Student's t‐test. Results Baseline values of MT were lower on the hind limbs than on the forelimbs. Intrathecal Ringer's solution did not alter MT in the cervical or lumbar region. Xylazine (100 µg) produced a characteristic elevation in MT between 5 and 60 + minutes. Lumbar IT injection of 5‐HT (800 µg) raised the MT more than cervical injection, while cervical injection of RU24969 (200 µg) raised the MT more than lumbar administration. Cervical IT injection of α‐Me‐5‐HT (500 µg) produced a marked and significant increase in MT while lumbar application had no effect. CPBG (500 µg) injection caused no significant effect on MT with either cervical or lumbar applications. Conclusions The activation of 5‐HT₁ and 5‐HT₂ receptors particularly at the cervical level appears to be involved in spinal nociceptive processing in the sheep. Clinical relevance These effects, which lasted about 60 minutes, may have an implication in the development of new analgesic strategies for animals.     

结核分枝杆菌(H37Rv和BCG)在感染AECⅡ细胞系A549中对TLRs信号通路和促炎因子表达的影响

肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞(alveolar epithelial typeⅡcells,AECⅡ)是由呼吸道吸入的结核病原菌最先侵染的靶细胞.本研究通过建立结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Mtb)强毒株(H37Rv)、弱毒株(Bacillus Calmette-Guérin,BCG)感染AECⅡ细胞模型,分析不同感染时间Toll样受体(toll-liking receptors,TLRs)信号通路活化和炎症细胞因子分泌的差异,探讨AECⅡ细胞在Mtb感染时的免疫应答和持续感染的分子机制.利用H37Rv和BCG分别感染AECⅡ细胞系A549,通过荧光定量PCR和Western-blot等技术在核酸和蛋白水平分析感染6、12和24h时TLRs信号通路信号分子和促炎细胞因子的表达变化.结果表明,mRNA表达水平检测发现,在H37Rv感染A549细胞中,TLR2、TLR4、MyD88和NFκB在6h时显著高于BCG感染组;在感染24h时,两组TLR2、TLR4表达均上调,且差异不显著,而H37Rv感染组NFκB呈上调表达;在蛋白水平分析发现,在H37Rv感染引起A549细胞中MyD88和磷酸化NFκB表达呈显著下调趋势,且高于BCG感染组;而促炎细胞因子IL-1a、IL-6、IL-12a、IL-8、TNF-α和CSF2 mRNA表达水平随着感染时间升高,且H37Rv感染组IL-1a、IL-6 1L-8、TNF-α、和CSF2的表达显著高于BCG感染组,IL-12a差异不显著.本研究发现,Mtb强毒株感染AECⅡ细胞对TLRs信号通路表现为抑制趋势,且引起细胞的炎症反应明显强于弱毒株,这为阐明AECⅡ细胞在不同毒力结核分枝杆菌感染中的免疫调控机制研究和临床肺结核的发病机制研究提供了参考依据.     

家蚕5-羟色胺受体基因的克隆及表达分析

【目的】5-羟色胺（5-HT）在许多生理过程中扮演重要角色,克隆介导5-HT生理效应的家蚕5-HT受体及组织表达分析,为研究家蚕5-TH受体基因功能奠定基础。【方法】利用基因组数据及半定量real-time PCR技术,鉴定克隆4种家蚕5-HT受体基因; 应用生物信息学方法分析5-HT受体在物种间同源性并构建系统进化树; 利用半定量real-time PCR方法分析它们在幼虫和成虫不同组织的表达情况。【结果】根据预测基因序列,设计特异引物,克隆得到4种5-HT受体基因序列,分别命名为5-HT1ABm、5-HT1BBm、5-HT2Bm、5-HT7Bm（GenBank登录号KM236100-KM236103）,其开放阅读框分别为1 395、1 341、1 881和1 497 bp,可编码464、446、626和498氨基酸。4种5-HT受体属于典型的G蛋白偶联受体。选择已报道的昆虫及脊椎动物的5-HT受体氨基酸序列进行比对并系统发生树构建,结果显示家蚕4种5-HT受体间的氨基酸序列相似度仅为30.4%。5-HT1A、5-HT1B、5-HT2、5-HT7 4种受体在昆虫中的相似性分别为45.4%、61.4%、48.4%、54.1%。另外,家蚕5-HT受体与其他昆虫甚至脊椎动物有较高的同源性,跨膜区的保守性比非跨膜区高。不同物种间的同一家族5-HT受体的相似性高于同一物种内不同家族5-HT受体的相似性,家蚕5-HT受体的进化关系与烟草天蛾最近。半定量real-time PCR结果显示,5-HT1ABm、5-HT1BBm在幼虫所有组织中均有表达。5-HT2Bm仅在幼虫的头、腹部神经索、精巢表达。5-HT7Bm在幼虫头部、腹部神经索、中肠、脂肪体、精巢、卵巢表达。5-HT1ABm、5-HT1BBm、5-HT7Bm在成虫中除雌性头部以外的组织中均有表达,而5-HT7Bm在雄蛾的生殖系统中表达量明显高于其他组织。5-HT2Bm在成虫中不表达。【结论】鉴定和克隆的4种家蚕5-HT受体基因,在昆虫和脊椎动物中具有较高的保守性,与烟草天蛾同源关系最近,它们在幼虫和成虫的组织表达模式具有多样性。     

The cannabinoid receptors system in horses: Tissue distribution and cellular identification in skin

BackgroundThe endocannabinoid system (ECS) is composed of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CBR1) and type 2 (CBR2), cannabinoid‐based ligands (endogenous chemically synthesized phytocannabinoids), and endogenous enzymes controlling their concentrations. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) have been identified in invertebrates and in almost all vertebrate species in the central and peripheral nervous system as well as in immune cells, where they control neuroimmune homeostasis. In humans, rodents, dogs, and cats, CBRs expression has been confirmed in the skin, and their expression and tissue distribution become disordered in pathological conditions. Cannabinoid receptors may be a possible therapeutic target in skin diseases.ObjectivesTo characterize the distribution and cellular expression of CBRs in the skin of horses under normal conditions.AnimalsFifteen healthy horses.MethodsUsing full‐thickness skin punch biopsy samples, skin‐derived primary epidermal keratinocytes and dermal‐derived cells, we performed analysis of Cnr1 and Cnr2 genes using real‐time PCR and CBR1 and CBR2 protein expression by confocal microscopy and Western blotting.ResultsNormal equine skin, including equine epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblast‐like cells, all exhibited constant gene and protein expression of CBRs.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceOur results represent a starting point for developing and translating new veterinary medicine‐based pharmacotherapies using ECS as a possible target.     

Demonstration of putative membrane and cytosol steroid receptors for 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one in brook troutSalvelinus fontinalis oocytes by photoaffinity labelling using synthetic progestin 17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-pregn-4,9-diene-3,20-dione (R5020)

Cytosol from brook trout ovarian follicles (stages 1–3) was photoaffinity (PA) labelled using synthetic progestin 17,21-dimethyl-19-nor-pregn-4,9-diene-3,20-dione ([³H]R5020). The covalently bound cytosol protein had a relative mass of 501,000 M_r following Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography. The zona radiata membrane fraction from brook trout oocytes which had gone through the first phase of meiotic maturation (stages 6–7) was isolated by ultracentrifugation of the whole oocytes. The zona radiata solubilized protein presumably from the oocyte membrane was also PA labelled and found to give a peak at 355,000 M_r. The SDS PAGE of the cytosol and zona radiata PA labelled protein gave very similar subunits indicating that the membrane protein and the cytosol protein, both of which bind the maturation inducing steroid (MIS) 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20-DHP), have similar subunit structures. The isolated zona radiata protein showed cooperativity of binding to [³H]17,20-DHP and PA labelling to [³H]R5020. The association constant (K_a) was 2.0×10⁷M^–1 and maximum binding capacity (N_max) 427 fmoles/mg protein with MIS [³H]17,20-DHP.No evidence for nuclear binding of MIS [³H]17,20-DHP or PA labelling of [³H]R5020 to nuclei was observed. The nuclei were isolated from stages 1 and 3 fresh ovarian follicles of brook trout. The experimental evidence presented demonstrates the presence of MIS 17,20-DHP receptor-like protein from the zona radiata membranes by PA labelling in brook trout oocytes during final stages of maturation.     

Activation of PPARs is involved in effect of bezafibrate on diabetic hepatopathy in mice

AIM: To investigate the effects of bezafibrate (BEZ) on diabetic hepatopathy in mice. METHODS: Diabetic hepatopathy model was established by a long-high-energy diet combined with streptozotocin (40 mg·kg^-1·d^-1× 5 d, ip), and then bezafibrate (75 mg·kg^-1·d^-1, ig) was supplemented for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was detected every week. The structure of liver was observed by HE staining, and the liver function was measured by observing the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), insulin and HbA1c were determined by commercial kits, and then HOMA insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receports (PPARs) at mRNA and protein levels was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. RESULTS: After 7 days of treatment with streptozotocin, the FBG level of the mice exceeded 11.1 mmol/L. At the end of the experiment, the structural deformation of the hepatocytes (containing abundant fat vacuoles, infiltrated by inflammatory cells, etc.) was observed, with the increases in insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, TC, TG, ALT and AST in diabetic mice (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the expression of PPARα, PPARβ and PPARγ at mRNA and protein levels was decreased (P<0.01). Bezafibrate treatment markedly attenuated the structural and functional damages of the liver in the diabetic mice (P<0.01), and reduced the levels of FBG, insulin, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, TC and TG (P<0.05). Bezafibrate also up-regulated the expression of PPARα, PPARβ and PPARγ (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Bezafibrate attenuates hepatic injury in diabetic mice via the activation of PPARs-related signaling pathway.