Control of postharvest anthracnose of banana using a new edible composite coating

Anthracnose is a postharvest disease of banana caused by the fungus Colletotrichum musae that results in major economic losses during transportation and storage. For the management of banana anthracnose, antifungal effects of Arabic gum (AG) (5, 10, 15 and 20%), chitosan (CH) (1.0%), and the combination of AG with CH were investigated in vitro as well as in vivo. CH at 1.0% and 1.5% had fungicidal effects on C. musae. AG alone did not show any fungicidal effects while the combination of 1.0% CH with all tested AG concentrations had fungicidal effects. However, the potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium amended with 10% AG incorporated with 1.0% CH showed the most promising results among all treatments in suppressing the mycelial growth (100%) and conidial germination inhibition (92.5%). In vivo analysis also revealed that 10% AG incorporated with 1.0% CH was the optimal concentration in controlling decay (80%), showing a synergistic effect in the reduction of C. musae in artificially inoculated bananas. The 10% AG incorporated with 1.0% CH coatings significantly delayed ripening as in terms of percentage weight loss, fruit firmness, soluble solids concentration and titratable acidity. The results showed the possibility of using 10% Arabic gum incorporated with 1.0% chitosan as a biofungicide for controlling postharvest anthracnose in banana.     

一株抗MRSA红树林真菌的分离和鉴定

红树林是重要的海洋生态系统,从海南文昌红树林保护区的红树林样品中进行真菌选择性分离,对其发酵液进行抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)活性筛选,并对活性较好的菌株进行鉴定。利用琼脂孔阱扩散法进行抗MRSA活性菌株筛选,通过培养特征、形态特征、ITS rDNA序列分析等方法对筛选得到的菌株进行鉴定。结果表明,从红树林中分离共得到608株真菌,活性筛选得到7株真菌,其中菌株092008具有较强的抗MRSA活性,通过各种指标鉴定菌株092008为黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)。     

贵州食用蕨类植物资源分布及开发利用(Ⅱ)

对其余41种贵州食用蕨类植物区系组成特点及资源分布进行阐述,并对贵州食用蕨类资源的合理开发利用提出了相应的政策建议。     

UEZC1AS抗真菌作用机理研究

[目的]为筛选安全、有效的抗真菌抗生素奠定基础。[方法]以黑曲霉和新型隐球菌为供试菌株,以酮康唑、5一Fc和灰黄霉素为对照试剂,用萨氏琼脂培养基培养新型隐球菌,用马铃薯琼脂培养基培养黑曲霉,研究UEZCl代谢合成的抗真菌活性物质UEZClAS的抑茵活性。[结果]被UEZClAS抑制的黑曲霉菌丝略膨大变粗,直径4．50～6．45μm,茵丝分支增多;被酮康唑抑制的黑曲霉菌丝膨大变粗,直径3．90～10．40μm,菌丝顶端及分隔处的分支增多,分支多为指形或香蕉形,3～4个聚生于菌丝尖端;被5-FC抑制的黑曲霉菌丝膨大变粗,直径3．90～7．80μm,茵丝的顶端分支增多,分支轮生、极短,呈树枝状。琼脂扩散法抑菌试验发现,新型隐球菌形状不规则,呈非常小的颗粒体。[结论]初步推断出UEZClAS的抗真菌作用部位在细胞壁。     

Comparison of mycelial proteomes of two <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium albo-atrum</Emphasis> pathotypes from hop

Verticillium wilt diseases caused by Verticillium spp. are known in many important crops and can seriously threaten their production. We studied Verticillium albo-atrum by comparative analysis of the proteome of four hop isolates, classified by the severity of wilt symptoms as mild and lethal pathotypes, from two geographic origins. A two-dimensional electrophoresis reference map of mycelium proteins was first established, resolving up to 650 protein spots on Coomassie-stained gels in a range of pH 4–7 and M_W 14 – 116 kDa. The average coefficient of variance for the 268 matched protein spots was 16% and 15%, respectively, for technical and biological variability. Principal component analysis (PCA) discriminated the geographic origin of the isolates and between the two pathotypes and showed a closer relationship among English isolates than Slovene ones. The two-dimensional electrophoresis patterns of one mild (PG1) with one lethal pathotype (PG2) from Slovenia and one mild (M) with one lethal pathotype (PV1) from England were compared. A total of 27 and 30 spots were found differentially expressed between the pathotypes, which were analysed by tandem mass spectrometry. Fifty-three proteins were identified, of which 17 matched proteins with annotated functions. The lethal pathotypes showed increased expression of peroxiredoxine and ascorbate peroxidase, a higher level of cytoskeleton components and regulators, and a higher rate of protein synthesis and energy metabolism. These results reveal differences in the expression level of the identified proteins between the two pathotypes and are discussed in relation to virulence. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

不同栽培年限的人参根区土壤微生物区系变化（摘要）

[目的]明确不同栽培年限人参根区土壤真菌、细菌和放线菌浓度变化情况。[方法]以吉林省多个产地人参根区土壤作为研究对象,采用稀释平板法对真菌、细菌和放线菌进行分离和数量测定,真菌的分离用马丁培养基＋孟加拉红＋硫酸链霉素;细菌的分离用牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基;放线菌的分离用高氏1号培养基＋重铬酸钾。真菌培养温度为25℃,培养时间为6～7 d;放线菌培养温度为28℃,培养时间为4～5 d;细菌培养温度为30℃,培养时间为2～4 d。根据不同培养基中生长出的菌落数统计真菌、细菌和放线菌数量,结合土壤样品的稀释倍数,按照公式：土壤微生物浓度（cfu/g）=（菌落平均数×稀释倍数）/每皿菌液加入量（ml）,求得土壤中可培养真菌、细菌和放线菌浓度。[结果]不同地点采集的土壤样品的统计结果存在差异,但基本表现为随人参生长年限的增加,人参根区土壤中真菌浓度逐年升高,细菌和放线菌浓度逐年降低,且放线菌的变化不如细菌变化显著。[结论]土壤类型、种植模式及人参生长年限对农田土和林地土中3类微生物的浓度均有影响,但生长年限对人参根区土壤微生物的影响最显著。     

中国食用昆虫记录

文章记录了我国食用昆虫283余种及亚种,隶属13目,71科。同时阐明了其食用虫态。①蜉蝣目：仅包括小蜉科1科;②蜻蜓目：包括蜓科、春蜓科、蜻科和丝蟌科。其中蜻科的碧伪蜓（马大头）Anax parthenope julius Brauer,蜻科的白尾灰蜻Orthetrum albistylum Selys、异色灰蜻Orthetrum triangulare melania、黄蜻Pantala flavescens Fabricius、大黄赤蜻Sympetrum uniforme Selys均为首次报道,它们的食用虫态均为稚虫;③蜚蠊目：包括蜚蠊科和鳖蠊科;④螳螂目：仅有螳科1科;⑤等翅目：包括鼻白蚁科和白蚁科;⑥直翅目：包括蝗科、蟋蟀科、蝼蛄科和螽斯科;⑦同翅目：包括蝉科、蚧科、蛾蜡蝉科、角蝉科和粉蚧科;⑧半翅目：包括负子蝽科、缘蝽科、划蝽科、仰蝽科和蝽科;⑨鞘翅目：包含窃蠹科、豆象科、吉丁虫科、天牛科、负泥虫科、象甲科、犀金龟科、龙虱科、花金龟科、水龟甲科、鳃金龟科、丽金龟科、金龟科、小蠹科和拟步甲科15科;⑩广翅目：仅包含齿蛉科;（11）鳞翅目：包括异蝶科、凤蝶科等21科;（12）双翅目：包括蝇科、麻蝇科和大蚊科;（13）膜翅目：包括榕小蜂科、蜜蜂科、马蜂科、土蜂科、泥蜂科、胡蜂科、蚁科7科。     

食用仙人掌开发的现状及对策

介绍了食用仙人掌的营养和保健功效,分析了食用仙人掌开发的现状和存在的主要问题,提出了食用仙人掌开发的主要思路。     

养猪微生物发酵床真菌空间分布特性研究

微生物发酵床养猪是一种新型环保的养殖方式,发酵床中的微生物在分解消纳、去污除臭方面发挥着重要的作用。为了解大栏养猪微生物发酵床的真菌空间分布特性,通过空间格局采样、分离鉴定发酵床中的真菌并统计其在不同空间的种类与含量;利用空间分布频次、空间分布型指数、多样性指数和生态位特征等指标,评估发酵床真菌种群的空间分布特性,为养猪发酵床管理、猪粪资源化利用、猪病防控等提供理论依据。结果表明:从32个空间样本中共分离鉴定出真菌18个种,归于10个属,其中种最多的是曲霉属,包含7个种。发酵床不同空间样本的真菌种与数量存在明显差异,种数为1~4,数量为4×102~5.8×105菌落数·g-1。高频次分布的种有总状毛霉和橘青霉,分布频次大于10次;高数量分布的种有短柄帚霉、构巢曲霉和亮白曲霉,大于2.00×105菌落数·g-1。利用6个空间分布型指数和Taylor幂法则的分析结果表明:发酵床的真菌种群呈聚集分布型。32个空间样本种群多样性指数分析结果表明:除两个空间样本仅分离到1个种类外,其他30个空间样本呈现明显的空间分布多样性,为集聚分布和不均匀分布。空间样本2-A和3-D真菌种群具有较高的丰富度、均匀度和优势度,包含出现频次和数量较高种类,如总状毛霉、尖孢枝孢菌、橘青霉和构巢曲霉。空间样本1-A和1-B的真菌数量最大、种类也较多,但它们的丰富度、均匀度和优势度均较低,所包含的多为出现频次低于3次的种类,如亮白曲霉、短柄帚霉和白地霉。生态位特征的分析表明:发酵床中真菌的生态位宽度与生态位重叠没有明显的正相关性。总状毛霉和尖孢枝孢菌生态宽度值大,分别为7.60和5.18,为广适应种;而亮白曲霉、薛氏曲霉、土曲霉、短柄帚霉、水贼镰刀菌和毛壳属菌等6个种的生态位宽度值较小,仅介于1.00~1.10,为窄适应种。总状毛霉可与其他12个种存在重叠,但尖孢枝孢菌仅与其他2个种存在重叠。总之,养猪微生物发酵床的真菌种群呈现明显的群落多样性,空间分布特性为聚集分布和不均匀分布,总状毛霉和尖孢枝孢菌为优势种群,在发酵床中分布广、适应性强。     

黑龙江省凉水国家自然保护区白腐真菌多样性调查

[目的]探明黑龙江省凉水国家级自然保护区白腐真菌资源现状及分布情况,为合理开发和保护白腐真菌资源提供参考。[方法]采用实地调查、查阅文献资料等方法对凉水国家级自然保护区白腐真菌进行采集、鉴定。[结果]获得凉水国家级自然保护区白腐真菌标本306份,初步鉴定出67种,分属于14科,其中多孔菌科、韧革菌科、侧耳科和球盖菇科为优势科。凉水国家级自然保护区白腐真菌多分布于阔叶林,其次是混交林和针叶林,而发生于草地和灌丛的白腐真菌相对较少。[结论]凉水国家级自然保护区白腐真菌资源丰富,具有较好的开发应用前景。