Lack of Cyathostomin sp. reduction after anthelmintic treatment in horses in Brazil

The increase of anthelmintic resistance in the last years in the nematode population of veterinary importance has become a major concern. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the main anthelmintic drugs available in the market against small strongyles of horses in Brazil. A total of 498 horses from 11 horse farms, located in the states of Paraná, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, in Brazil, were treated with ivermectin, moxidectin, pyrantel and fenbendazole, orally at their recommended doses. The fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to determine the product's efficacy and fecal culture was used to determine the parasite genus. Reduction on anthelmintic efficacy was found for fenbendazole in all horse farms (11/11), pyrantel in five yards (5/11) and ivermectin had low efficacy in one of the yards studied (1/11). Multidrug resistance of up to 3 drugs classes was found in one of the tested farms (1/11). Cyathostomin were the most prevalent parasite. The results showed that resistance to fenbendazole is widespread; the efficacy of pyrantel is in a critical situation. Although the macrocyclic lactones compounds still showed high efficacy on most farms, suspected resistance to macrocyclic lactones is of great concern.     

Experimental study on treating rat focal segmental glomerulosclerosis with Decoction of Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue-Xie-Zhuo

AIM:To observe the effects of Decoction of Bu-Shen-Huo-Xue-Xie-Zhuo (BSHXXZ) on focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in rats. METHODS:Unilateral nephrectomy was adopted firstly, one week later adrimycin was intravenously adminstered to 20 rats twice in a 23-day period to establish an advanced focal segmental glomerulosclerosis model in the rat. Changes in urine protein, blood chemistry, and histology of the kidney were investigated for 110 days after unilateral nephrectomy. RESULTS:The BSHXXZ decoction reduced edema, proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, azotemia and ascites, and increased albumin in blood. Light microscopic, electron microscopic, immunohistochemical and polarizing microscopic examination all showed that the pathologic changes in the treatment group were less than that of the model group. CONCLUSION:Decoction of BSHXXZ could markedly improve renal function and delay the progression of glomerulosclerosis and renal interstitial fibrosis.     

Influence of Xiaoke keli Ji on glycemia and serum lipoprotein levels in diabetic nephropathy rats

AIM:To observe the changes of glycemia and serum cholesterol and triglyceride in diabetic nephropathy rats and therapeutic effects of Xiaoke Keli Ji.METHODS:3/4 nephrectomy was adopted firstly, three weeks later streptozotocin(STZ) was administered intraperitoneally to establish diabetic nephropathy model in rats. Animals were divided into four groups:model group, Xiaoke Keli Ji treatment group, positive control group and sham group. Changes of serum sugar and serum creatinine, cholesterol and triglyceride were examined at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 weeks after STZ injection. Renal tissue samples were adopted at 6th week and studied by light microscopy.RESULTS:Model group demonstrated different degree of glomerular sclerosis. Lesions in treatment group were alleviated. Serum creatinine, serum sugar and serum cholesterol were higher at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 weeks after STZ injection in model group than that of the sham group (P＜0. 05), serum triglyceride was higher at 1, 2, 3, 5 weeks after STZ injection in model group than that of the sham group(P＜0. 05). Xiaoke Keli Ji reduced those changes. Serum sugar was in positive correlation with serum lipoprotein.CONCLUSION:Diabetic nephropathy model was duplicated successfully. High serum sugar may lead to high serum lipoprotein, Xiaoke Keli Ji may treat diabetic nephropathy by reducing serum sugar and serum cholesterol and triglyceride.     

The inhibitory effect of Chinese medicine Jinan injectionon Lewis lung cancer in mice

AIM:To investigate the inhibitory effect of Chinese medicine Jinan injection(JA) on Lewis lung cancer (LLC) in mice.METHODS:The C₅₇BL／6J mice with Lewis lung cancer(LLC) were divided into normal saline(NS), Jinan high dose (JAH), Jinan middle dose (JAM), Jinan low dose (JAL) and cyclophosphamide(CTX) groups. The body weight changes and inhibitory rate of LLC in each group were observed. In addition, flow cytometry and TUNEL were used to detect the anticancer mechanism of Jinan.RESULTS:The body weights were increased significantly in JA-treated groups vs CTX and the resistant rate was 45.79%, 40.90%, 32.48% and 98.96%, respectively. The apoptotic rate was 24.19%, 14.95% and 13.93% in JAH, JAM and JAL, respectively, and the Jinan induced apoptosis of LIC in a dose-dependent manner.CONCLUSION:Jinan injection inhibites the growth of LLC, and the apoptosis induction may be one of mechanisms that Jinan treates LLC in mice.     

The comparative study on SiNi-decoction and VitE against oxidative injury of vascular endothelial function and their preventive and therapeutic action on experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits

AIM: To compare effects of SiNi-decoction and Vitamin E on vascular endothelial function of experimental atherosclerosis rabbits and their therapeutic action on atherosclerosis.METHODS:The model of experimental atherosclerosis rabbits fed with forage of high lipid was established and treated in groups randomly. At the end of the experiment, samples of aorta and blood were taken and the percentage of lipid plaque area of aortic endothelium ,lipid metabolism and vascular endothelial oxidative injury (SOD activity, MDA content, NO level, endothelin concentration) of each group were analyzed. RESULTS: In comparison with model group,the percentage of the lipid plaque area of aortic endothelium and endothelial oxidative injury (except for SOD of VitE group) of SiNi-high and mid-dose group and VitE group are reduced obviously (P＜0.05),and the index of lipid metabolism of SiNi-decoction group is improved (P＜0.05). CONCLUSION:The comprehensive therapentic effects of SiNi decoction on vascular endothelial oxidative injury and atherosclerosis are superior to VitE.     

Drugs and Cosmetics from the Sea

The marine environment is a rich source of both biological and chemical diversity. This diversity has been the source of unique chemical compounds with the potential for industrial development as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, nutritional supplements, molecular probes, fine chemicals and agrochemicals. In recent years, a significant number of novel metabolites with potent pharmacological properties has been discovered from the marine organisms. Although there are only a few marine-derived products currently on the market, several robust new compounds derived from marine natural products are now in the clinical pipeline, with more clinical development. While the marine world offers an extremely rich resource for novel compounds, it also represents a great challenge that requires inputs from various scientific areas to bring the marine chemical diversity up to its therapeutic potential.     

Effect of naoluo xintong on expression of Fas,Fas L in hippocampus CA1 area and Fas mRNA in the cortex of frontal or parietal lobe after local cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in MCAO rats

AIM: To investigate the effets of naoluo xintong on the expression of Fas, FasL protein in hippocampus CA1 area and Fas mRNA in the cortex of frontal or parietal lobe after local cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in MCAO rats. METHODS: The local cerebral ischemia /reperfusion model was established by intraluminal thread occlusion of the middle cerebral arteries (MCAO), the middle cerebral arteries of rats were occluded for 2 hours and reperfused for 1, 3 and 7 days. The animals were divided into pseudo surgery group(sham group), model group, Yiqi group, Huoxue group and naoluo xintong group. Using the techniques of immuno-histochemical staining and in situ hybridization, the expression of Fas and FasL was observed in hippocampus CA1 area, the expression of Fas mRNA was also observed in the cortex of frontal and parietal lobe. RESULTS: A value of Fas and FasL protein expression or A value and positive unit of Fas mRNA expression in control group were higher than those in sham in hippocampus CA1 area, the cortex of frontal or parietal lobe after local cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in MCAO rats (P<0.01). A value and/or positive unit of their expression in naoluo xintong group were lower than those in control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). A value and/or positive unit of their expression in Yiqi and Huoxue groups were higher than those in naoluo xintong group for 3 and/or 7 days (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION: naoluo xintong could resist neuron apoptosis, alleviate pathologic injury after local cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in MCAO rats by inhibiting the expression of Fas, FasL protein and Fas mRNA.     

猪用复合抗应激制剂配方的筛选试验

采用对比试验方法,研究不同组方抗应激制剂对断奶仔猪平均日增重、料肉比和仔猪下痢的影响。结果,B组平均日增重最高(367.00g),比A、C组高51.00g、33.50g,差异均极显著(P<0.01);D组料肉比最低(1.64);D组抑制仔猪下痢效果最好。表明,由免疫增强剂左旋咪唑为主药,结合中药黄芪、补骨脂、淫羊藿等,再添加电解质之配方药物抗应激作用最好。     

Effect of trichosanthes injection on expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen of vascular smooth muscle cell in rabbit

AIM: To observe the effect of thichosanthes injection on the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) of vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC). METHODS: The expression of PCNA of cultured rabbit aortic SMC was examined with LSAB immunohistochemical technique, and [³H]-thymidine( [³H]-TdR) incorporation data of SMC and the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxide (LPO), prostacyclin (PGI₂) and cyclic AMP (cAMP) in medium were simultaneously determined. RESULTS: Thichosanthes injection has an effects of increasing SOD activity, decreasing LPO, elevating PGI₂ and cAMP, reducing [³H]-TdR incorporation and expression of PCNA (all P＜0.05,P＜0.01). CONCLUSION: Thichosanthes could inhibit SMC proliferation.     

Effects of aqueous extract from toddalia asiatica on cardiac function and hemodynamics in myocardial ischemic rabbits

AIM: To observe the effects of toddalia asiatica aqueous extract (Fei Long No 1, F01) on cardiac function and hemodynamics of acute myocardial ischemia in the animal model. METHODS: High positioned double-ligation of the anterior descending left coronary artery induced acute myocardial ischemia in New Zealand rabbits. F01 268 mg/kg were ip into the acute myocardial ischemic model, Cardiac function and hemodynamic measurements were performed before and after ligation and administration of F01. t-test paired was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: After ligation all indices was reduced significantly except that LVEDP was markedly increased and t-dp/dt max had little change. After administration of F01 changes of most indices were reversed, and returned to or were close to the baseline. 1.5 h after administration of F01 action was more markedly. But the indices of left ventricle work and consumption of oxygen ( HR, TTI and TTI×HR) were reducing continuously. CONCLUSION: F01 markedly decreases ventricle work and consumption of oxygen of acute ischemic myocardium, so that the contractility, diastolic function of myocardium and cardial output are improved. These are the mechanism of protective effect on myocardial ischemia.