马铃薯晚疫病菌群体遗传结构研究进展

 本文较全面地综述了马铃薯晚疫病菌的交配型、生理小种及其对甲霜灵的敏感性等表现型群体遗传结构特征的研究进展，阐述了世界各国晚疫病菌交配型的分布、生理小种组成及病菌对瑞毒霉抗性菌株的出现频率。同时综述了几种分子标记，如mtDNA指纹、RFLP、RAPD、AFLP和SSR在研究晚疫病菌基因型及遗传多样性方面的应用及研究成果。并指出了中国今后对马铃薯晚疫病菌研究工作的重点。     

湖南省现有森林植被主要树种的碳含量

探讨了湖南省现有森林植被17种树种(杉木、马尾松、湿地松、柏木、乐昌含笑、红花木莲、樟树、桢楠、甜槠、青冈栎、木荷、杜英、山矾、枫香、拟赤杨、杨树、毛竹)各器官的碳含量及其各器官碳含量的算术平均值。结果表明:同一树种不同器官碳含量差异不显著,不同树种各器官碳含量由高至低的排序不完全一致,不同树种同一器官或同一树种不同器官碳含量算术平均值存在一定的差异;针叶树、常绿阔叶树、落叶阔叶树和毛竹各器官碳含量(g·g-1)的变化范围分别为0.491~0.566,0.421~0.549,0.449~0.550,0.470~0.496,各树种种内各器官碳含量算术平均值在0.486~0.551 g·g-1之间变化,柏木最高,毛竹最低;针叶树碳含量高于阔叶树、毛竹,各树种树干碳含量普遍较高于其它各器官,变化范围在0.493~0.556 g·g-1之间,地上部分碳含量普遍高于相应树种的地下部分;17种树种各器官碳含量的算术平均值为0.504 g·g-1。     

Cytochrome P-450 in insects. 7. Age dependency and phenobarbital induction of cytochrome P-450, P-450 reductase,and monooxygenase activities in the black blow fly (Phormia regina,Meigen)

Development and phenobarbital (PB) induction of microsomal cytochrome P-450, NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase, two epoxidation, and two O-demethylation activities were examined in chronologically timed populations of female black blow flies (Phormia regina, Meigen). Measurements of these enzymes started with the pharate adult stage and ended 5 days following eclosion. Induction occurred in all enzymes, even at 0.005% PB, and was maximum at 0.15%. Dramatic induction of the O-demethylation of 7-methoxy-4-methylcoumarin was observed in flies dosed with the maximum concentration of the drug. This monooxygenase activity increased to nearly 1400 times the level in control flies, whereas the other O-demethylation (methoxyresorufin) and the two epoxidation reactions exhibited considerably less change. Induction of the structural enzymes of this enzyme system were 10-fold for cytochrome P-450 and 5-fold for NADPH-cytochrome c (P-450) reductase. These data suggest that PB induces several P-450's in the blow fly, particularly one bearing a high degree of specificity for 7-methoxy-4-methycoumarin.     

温度、盐度和pH值对豹纹鳃棘鲈早期发育的影响

研究了不同温度、盐度和pH值对豹纹鳃棘鲈（Plectropomus leopardus LacSpSde）受精卵的培育周期、孵化周期、孵化率和畸形率的影响,并测定了各环境因子条件下仔鱼的不投饵存活系数（SAI）。结果表明：豹纹鳃棘鲈受精卵孵化适宜温度为24～30℃,最适温度为26～28℃;受精卵孵化适宜盐度为25～45,最适盐度为25～30;受精卵孵化适宜pH值为6．0～8．5,最适pH值为7．0～8．5。由仔鱼不投饵系数可知,豹纹鳃棘鲈仔鱼生存的适宜温度为20～30℃,最适生存的温度为20～26℃;仔鱼生存的适宜盐度为10～40,最适生存的盐度为20～35;仔鱼生存的适宜pH值为5．5～8．5,最适生存的pH值为7．0～8．5。豹纹鳃棘鲈受精卵和仔鱼对温度、盐度和pH值3种环境因子的耐受能力的范围基本一致。     

核盘菌对几种杀菌剂的敏感性研究

为了选择防治菌核病的有效药剂,采用FAO推荐的菌落直径法研究了常用杀菌剂对核盘菌敏感性的差异。结果表明:山西五寨菌株WZ2对腐霉利、多菌灵、菌核净、福美双、乙霉威、乙烯菌核利高度敏感(EC50在0.117 0~4.965 4μg.mL-1之间);对异菌脲中度敏感(EC50为5.069 0μg.mL-1);对代森锰锌和百菌清最不敏感(EC50为20.760 0,32.107 6μg.mL-1)。内蒙古菌株NM15和NM17均对腐霉利、多菌灵、菌核净、福美双、乙烯菌核利高度敏感(EC50在0.064 0~3.059 0μg.mL-1);对乙霉威、异菌脲中度敏感(EC50为7.330 7~13.823 4μg.mL-1之间);对代森锰锌最不敏感(EC50分别为37.645 3,42.303 0μg.mL-1)。另外,菌株NM15对百菌清高度敏感(EC50为2.104 8μg.mL-1),而NM17则对百菌清中度敏感(EC50为11.777 9μg.mL-1)。并且这三个菌株对腐霉利、百菌清的敏感性差异较大,而对其他药剂的敏感性差异不大。     

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using canine coronavirus-infected CRFK cells as antigen for detection of anti-coronavirus antibody in cat

From the reasons that canine coronavirus (CCV) grows more efficiently than feline coronavirus in a cell culture and they are mutually related in their antigenicities, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using CCV-infected feline kidney (CRFK) cells as substrate antigens was developed for detection of anti-coronavirus antibodies in cats. It was indispensable for generating coronavirus-specific ELISA antibody activities that the sample was applied to the mock-infected, normal CRFK cells in parallel with the CCV-infected cells and then the optical density values given by the mock-infected cell antigen were subtracted from those given by the virus-infected cell antigen. On the basis of ELISA antibody titers obtained in sera from the cats experimentally infected with CCV and from the spontaneous feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) cases, the ELISA described in the present study was found to be applicable as a simple and easy serologic test which was able to detect anti-coronavirus antibodies as efficiently as the indirect immunofluorescence assay with homologous FIP virus.     

Geography limits island small‐scale fishery production

Interacting social and ecological processes shape productivity and sustainability of island small‐scale fisheries (SSF). Understanding limits to productivity through historical catches help frame future expectations and management strategies, but SSF are dispersed and unaccounted, so long‐term standardized data are largely absent for such analyses. We analysed 40 years of trade statistics of a SSF product that enter international markets (sea cucumber) from 14 Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICT) against response variables to test predictors of fishery production: (i) scale, (ii) productivity and (iii) socio‐economics. Combined production in PICT peaked over 20 years ago, driven by exploitation trends in Melanesia that accounted for 90% of all production since 1971. The size of island fisheries (as measured by total exports), and the duration and magnitude of fishery booms were most influenced by ungovernable environmental variables, in particular land area. The large and high islands of Melanesia sustained larger booms over longer periods than atoll nations. We hypothesize that land area is a proxy for land‐based nutrient availability and habitat diversity, and therefore the productivity of the shallow water areas where SSF are operating. PICT need to tailor management based on the intrinsic productivity of shallow inshore habitats: harvests from atoll nations will need to be smaller per unit area than at the high islands. Particularly countries with low productivity fisheries must consider the crucial economic “safety nets” that export SSF make up for dispersed island populations and incorporate them into broader development and island resilience strategies.     

Enzootic bovine leukosis application of E.L.I.S.A. technique for the detection of antibodies

A simple microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (E.L.I.S.A.) for detecting antibodies to bovine leukosis virus (B.L.V.) is described. The antigen consisted of a solution containing the two major antigens of the B.L.V. (gp 51 and p 24) obtained by a technique of purification using CN-Br activated Sepharose 4B. This E.L.I.S.A. was compared with the agar gel immunodiffusion test (A.G.I.D.T.) in a study of 545 bovine sera. The total discrepancy rate between the two tests was 11% with a better sensitivity for E.L.I.S.A.     

Specific in-vitro lymphocyte immunostimulation activities of Brucella abortus fractions obtained by column chromatography

A Brucella abortus soluble antigen (BASA) preparation and fractions obtained thereof, by column chromatography, were compared in terms of their ability to induce specific lymphocyte stimulation responses (LSR) in lymphocytes from cattle infected with B. abortus. Endotoxin and protein contents and the fractions were determined. The LSR induced by BASA and the fractions were compared in terms of correctly identifying samples from infected and non-infected cattle. The sensitivity and specificity for each preparation were determined and these two attributes were then correlated with endotoxin and protein content. The results suggest that lymphocyte stimulation had greater association with relative protein content than endotoxin content of the antigen preparations.     

Effect of malignant catarrhal fever virus infection on the immune response of rabbits to sheep red blood cells

Rabbits infected with African Malignant catarrhal fever virus mounted a depressed antibody response to sheep red blood cells compared to the antibody response of uninfected rabbits. Immunodepression was observed in rabbits immunised 0, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after infection. Antibody response was not depressed in the rabbits immunised 1 day after infection. Despite the depressed antibody response to SRBC, the rabbits died with rising virus neutralising antibody to the virus. The possible causes of the immunodepression are discussed.