Characterization of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from calves in Poland

Fecal samples from 67 3–5-months-old calves with diarrhea were screened for the presence of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Several accessory virulence factors genes were also tested. Among 192 E.coli isolates tested, 15 (7.6%) were found to harbour the shiga toxin 1 or 2 (stx1 or stx2) genes. The stx2-carrying samples were further subtyped by PCR for the stx2c, stx2d, and stx2e toxin variants. It was shown that stx2-positive bacteria mainly possessed the stx2c shiga toxin type gene. The enterohemolysin (hlyA) and intimin (eae) genes were found in seven (46.7%) STEC strains whereas the cytotoxic necrotizin factor 1 and 2 or the P fimbrial genes were detected in two isolates only. This study confirmed that calves are a reservoir of STEC strains (with all pathogenicity genes) that may be virulent for humans.     

纳塔生产中污染真菌的分离与控制

纳塔生产中真菌污染现象最普遍、危害最严重。从纳塔工厂的受污染发酵液、原料椰子水及环境中分离到58株酵母、17株霉菌。研究显示,产膜醭酵母,如假丝酵母(Candidaspp.)、毕赤酵母(Pichiaspp.)是引起污染的主要真菌,它们主要来源于大量带菌的原料椰子水,由于椰子水的不恰当处理而散布到环境中。向发酵液中添加2~3g/L脱氢醋酸钠或1.5~2g/L尼泊金丁酯,可以较好地抑制产膜醭酵母而不影响木醋杆菌的生长和纳塔的合成。      

湖南省现有森林植被主要树种的碳含量

探讨了湖南省现有森林植被17种树种(杉木、马尾松、湿地松、柏木、乐昌含笑、红花木莲、樟树、桢楠、甜槠、青冈栎、木荷、杜英、山矾、枫香、拟赤杨、杨树、毛竹)各器官的碳含量及其各器官碳含量的算术平均值。结果表明:同一树种不同器官碳含量差异不显著,不同树种各器官碳含量由高至低的排序不完全一致,不同树种同一器官或同一树种不同器官碳含量算术平均值存在一定的差异;针叶树、常绿阔叶树、落叶阔叶树和毛竹各器官碳含量(g·g-1)的变化范围分别为0.491~0.566,0.421~0.549,0.449~0.550,0.470~0.496,各树种种内各器官碳含量算术平均值在0.486~0.551 g·g-1之间变化,柏木最高,毛竹最低;针叶树碳含量高于阔叶树、毛竹,各树种树干碳含量普遍较高于其它各器官,变化范围在0.493~0.556 g·g-1之间,地上部分碳含量普遍高于相应树种的地下部分;17种树种各器官碳含量的算术平均值为0.504 g·g-1。     

响应面法优化超声波辅助提取山药 低聚糖的工艺研究

为了得到超声波辅助提取山药低聚糖的最佳工艺条件、采用 Box 窑 Benhnken 中心组合设计及响应面法 （RSM ）探讨了超声功率、超声时间、乙醇浓度、料液比 4个因素的优化组合。 经回归模型分析并结合验证试验、确定 低聚糖的最佳提取工艺条件为：超声功率 500 W 、提取时间 60 mi n、乙醇浓度 60% 、料液比 1: 15。 在该条件下、山药低 聚糖得率为 7. 21( 依0. 26) % , 与预测值 7. 25% 基本一致、且比相同条件下未使用超声波的提取工艺提高了 3. 91% 。     

潢川方言中一种特殊的“V+不完+的+V”格式

"V+不完+的+V"格式为潢川方言的一种特殊表达格式,通过与普通话中近义结构的对比,我们发现其语表、语里具有特殊性和限制性,这也决定了其语用价值的不可替代性。我们认为"V+不完+的+V"结构是一种特殊的动词复写形式,可以看作是一个虚拟让步复句的紧缩形式,也可以看作是移位、省略后的动词拷贝结构。     

毛竹笋用林地下竹鞭分布规律与竹笋个体发育的关系

毛竹笋用林地下竹鞭分布有一定的规律。对粗放、集约两类型竹林进行调查,结果表明:竹笋发育由浅层到深层递进,清明前发笋竹鞭适宜深度在土壤表层,清明后逐渐移向土壤下层。竹笋发育数量,以中层为最多,深层为最少;竹笋个体重,随竹鞭分布深度增加而逐步增大。但约在35cm以下竹鞭孕笋逐步减少,而竹笋深度增重率增大,两者过渡最佳交点,出现在鞭深35cm左右的地方。     

莫干山毛竹林对林内近地层温度和湿度分布的影响

在春、夏、秋季时段内毛竹林对林内近地表层温度具有一致的降温效应,其中以地面温度最为显著,地中温度次之,气温最小;在冬季时段毛竹林对林内地面温度有降温效应,而对林内地中温度和气温都具有一定的增温效应。毛竹林对林内近地层空气湿度的影响,反映出较一致的降湿效应。     

Cartographic Procedure for the Analysis of Aeolian Erosion Hazard in Natural Parks (Central System,Spain)

Cartographic analysis of the hazard of erosion is a useful tool for the planning and management of natural parks, helping to establish measures for protection and correction. Such parks, which offer spectacular landscape views and natural beauty, must be conserved with all their resources. Accordingly, park managers must have the cartographic tools for hazard planning, which is necessary for the rational and sustainable handling of human activities and the establishment of preventive and corrective measures. The present work describes a cartographic procedure using GIS that determines the risk of aeolian erosion. The method was applied to two protected natural parks in the central mountain system in Spain. This cartographic method revealed a weak risk of hazard of erosion in low‐lying areas or valley floors, with increasing risk in areas of deflation. These areas were explored by mapping geomorphological domains and slopes, characterising different surficial deposits: colluvium, piedmonts, debris cone, alluvial fans and river terraces. Aeolian erosion on cultivated surfaces with gentle slopes was observed to be low, but in sectors with little agricultural activity and undulated reliefs, the hazard of erosion is important owing to the high analytical and textural erodibility and scant vegetation cover of these sectors. These parameters were studied on the basis of the mapping of soils and soil profiles. Additionally, the cartography of vegetation and the wind index in the cartographic procedure allowed for the different degrees of aeolian erosion to be better quantified. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄壤旱坡地退耕还林还草对减少土壤磷流失的作用

在贵州中部黄壤旱坡地上 ,通过无界径流小区以及野外坡面径流小区试验 ,对退耕还林还草初期阶段旱坡地地表径流中水溶态磷和颗粒态磷流失量的变化进行了研究。结果表明 :退耕还林还草后黄壤旱坡地地表径流中颗粒态磷含量比相应的旱地减少 2 2 .17%～ 6 3.4 8% ,而水溶态磷含量也减少 3.0 3%～ 4 4 .2 9% ;退耕还林区土壤水溶态磷和颗粒态磷的流失量分别比玉米种植区减少 38.6 5 %和 35 .0 8% ,退耕还草区土壤水溶态磷和颗粒态磷的流失量分别比玉米种植区减少 5 3.4 2 %和 4 1.94 %。退耕还林还草一方面减少了肥料的施用量 ,另一方面能明显减少土壤磷的流失量 ,特别是水溶态磷的流失 ,退耕还林还草工程是减少土壤磷流失和控制非点源污染的有效途径。     

Diversity and dynamics of eco-units in the biological reserves of the Fontainebleau Forest (France): Contribution of soil biology to a functional approach

Beech integral biological reserves of the Fontainebleau forest (France) display varied site conditions due to geomorphological heterogeneity and to interactions between biological components of the ecosystem. Taking examples in shifts observed in plant communities following gap opening, the authors show that, as Oldeman viewed it, tree-fall gaps seem to be the driving force in sylvigenesis as well as a source of spatial biodiversity. Studies carried out on macromorphological features of humus profiles and on the behaviour of soil invertebrate communities (Lumbricidae and Nematoda) pointed out two key aspects of forest functioning. First, the renewal of the forest ecosystem is linked to the dynamics of humus forms and of soil animal functional groups, featuring the regeneration of trees. Second, tree-fall gaps are places where the forest ecosystem is destabilized and thereafter may renew itself or on the contrary may evolve towards another ecosystem, showing either a co-adaptation between the sylvigenetic and the edaphic cycle, or a discordance between these two cycles. These two aspects (co-adaptation and discordance), important from the point of view of fundamental ecology and forest management, suggest a need for further field research.

Résumé

La hêtraie des réserves biologiques intégrales de la forêt de Fontainebleau offre des situations naturelles variées en fonction de l'hétérogénéité géomorphologique et des interactions entre les composantes biologiques de l'écosystème. Prenant comme exemple l'évolution des associations végétales au sein des clairières, les auteurs montrent que, selon la conception d'Oldeman, le chablis apparaît comme l'élément moteur de la sylvigénèse et un facteur important de biodiversit é spatiale. Des études portant sur la caractérisation macromorphologique des profils d'humus et le comportement des peuplements d 'invertébrés du sol (Lumbricidae, Nematoda) mettent en avant deux points importants pour le fonctionnement de l'écosysteme forestier. Premièrement, le renouvellement de l'écosystème est associé à la dynamique des humus et des groupes fonctionnels de la pédofaune, façonnant ainsi la niche de régénération. Deuxièmement, les clairières apparaissent comme une zone de rupture de l'écosystème forestier pouvant lui permettre, soit de se renouveler, soit d'évoluer vers un autre écosystème, montrant ainsi soit une co-adaptation entre le cycle sylvigénétique et le cycle édaphique, soit une discordance entre ces deux cycles. Cette approche fonctionnelle par le biais de la biologie des sols suggère une réflexion touchant autant l'écologie fondamentale que la gestion forestière.