山西省芹菜农残检测结果分析及治理对策

通过对山西省2009—2013年生产基地、批发市场和超市芹菜中40种农药残留进行抽样检测,结果表明,山西省芹菜中农药残留超标率总体呈下降趋势,但相对其他类别的蔬菜,超标率仍然较高。批发市场最高,超市次之,生产基地则相对较低。通过对比分析,外省芹菜样品农药残留超标率比本省样品高出0.8个百分点。在超标的农药品种中,禁用农药甲拌磷和非禁用农药毒死蜱相对较多。本文针对性地提出了严管剧高毒农药、提高农民素质、实行产地准出和市场准入、加强检验检测体系建设等治理对策。     

芹菜雄性不育两用系01-3AB的选育与利用

利用从芹菜自交系01－3中发现的雄性不育变异材料,采用自交、测交与兄妹交相结合的方法,选育出芹菜雄性不育两用系01－3AB。该两用系综合农艺性状优良,其不育性由细胞核内一对隐性基因控制,败育彻底,能够按照1：1育性分离比例稳定遗传。以01－3AB为母本,配制出了“津奇1号”和“津奇2号”两个一代杂交新品种,并向6份不同类型芹菜材料进行了不育性转育。     

潍坊地区马家沟芹菜-紫色马铃薯-半结球白菜设施高效栽培模式

潍坊市设施栽培面积大,为克服土壤连作障碍,提高土地利用率和经济效益,在多年生产实践基础上提出了马家沟芹菜-紫色马铃薯-半结球白菜一年三茬的设施栽培模式,包含作物茬口安排、田间种植管理、病虫害防控、采收上市等技术要点,为适宜地区设施轮作栽培提供了参考.     

保护地西芹新品种赛莹种植密度试验

对西芹新品种赛莹进行不同密度比较试验。结果表明,种植密度在9.5万株/hm2的,赛莹的农艺性状表现最佳,单产高达12.1万kg/hm2。     

Evaluation of alternative tillage and crop establishment methods in a rice–wheat rotation in North Western IGP

The rice–wheat rotation covering 13.5 million ha in the Indo-Gangetic Plains is vital for food security. Its sustainability is at risk as the current production practices are inadequate resulting in high cost of cultivation and inefficient use of inputs (i.e. water, labor and energy). In a field study, we evaluated resource conserving and cost-saving alternative tillage and crop establishment options with an aim to improve system productivity and efficiency. Treatments included transplanting and direct-seeding of rice after reduced and no-tillage, followed by wheat after no-tillage. Conventional-tilled (puddled) transplanted rice followed by conventional-tilled wheat was included as a current practice. Rice yields of transplanted rice were similar irrespective of tillage/puddling. However, both dry and wet direct-seeded rice yielded 0.45–0.61 Mg ha⁻¹ lower than puddled transplanted rice. Wheat yield after no-tillage was either higher or equivalent to conventional practice. Wheat provided more economic return (US $35 ha⁻¹) than rice. No-till wheat was 6% more profitable than the conventional practice (T1). Rice transplanting with or without puddling had similar water application but dry direct-seeded rice had 10–12% lower and wet direct-seeded rice 20–24% higher. Machine labor without tillage was lower by maximum of 51 and 43% in rice and wheat, respectively. Similarly, human labor was also 9–16% lower in no-till rice compared to other practices. Two years results consistently showed $35 more net income when rice was transplanted without puddling than that of conventional practice. Direct-seeded/un-tilled rice had variable response in 2 years; US $16 more in year 1 and similar in year 2 to the puddled transplanted rice. Direct-seeded or transplanted rice after no-tillage can be more efficient and profitable alternatives to current practice (puddled transplanted rice), however, require further refinement in areas of cultivar development for no-till direct-seeding condition, nutrient, water and weed management to harness maximal potential.     

超声波辅助提取芹菜槲皮素工艺

利用超声波提取芹菜中槲皮素,采用正交试验L16(45)对芹菜槲皮素成分提取工艺进行优化设计.结果表明,芹菜槲皮素提取工艺的最佳条件为:浸泡4 h,超声波功率320 W,乙醇浓度90%,液料比25:1,提取40min,在此条件下芹菜槲皮素的提取率最高,达0.2221%.     

不同来源沼肥对油菜、西芹产量及氮素利用率的影响

利用温室盆栽试验研究鸡粪沼肥（鸡粪沼渣、沼液）和牛粪沼肥（牛粪沼渣、沼液）对油菜、西芹累积总产量及氮素利用率的影响。试验设8个处理：不施肥（CK）,鸡粪沼渣做底肥（JZ）,鸡粪沼渣做底肥、沼液做追肥（JZ+JY）,鸡粪沼液一半做底肥、一半做追肥（JY）,牛粪沼渣做底肥（NZ）,牛粪沼渣做底肥、沼液做追肥（NZ+NY）,牛粪沼液一半做底肥、一半做追肥（NY）,化肥一半做底肥、一半做追肥（HF）,以上处理除空白外均按等氮量施用。试验结果表明,施用鸡粪沼肥比施用牛粪沼肥处理的油菜、西芹累积总产量高,JZ、JZ+JY、JY 3个处理累积总产量分别为71.4、74.0、78.6 g/盆,比NZ、NZ+NY、NY 3个处理分别高26.1%、14.0%、2.5%;在氮素利用率上,鸡粪沼肥也显著高于牛粪沼肥,其中JY处理最高,达到35.4%。这可能和牛粪沼肥比鸡粪沼肥养分释放缓慢,大部分留在土壤中未被利用有关系。     

设施菜地休闲期施用石灰氮防控根结线虫对土壤pH及微生物量的影响

为了研究设施菜地施用石灰氮对土壤生化性质的影响,通过设施蔬菜大棚休闲期撒施石灰氮防治根结线虫后,研究了其对芹菜土壤pH及微生物量的影响。结果表明：施用石灰氮后,石灰氮处理芹菜根际土壤的pH高于对照处理,但均显著低于相应非根际土壤的pH;在对照和石灰氮处理中除石灰氮处理的真菌数外,其余根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量都高于非根际土壤,差异都达到了显著水平（P<0.05）。在施用石灰氮后,芹菜根际土壤的细菌、放线菌数量分别较对照根际土壤增加了100%和65%,同时根际土壤的放线菌数量/真菌数量(A/F)和细菌数量/真菌数量(B/F)值显著增加。对照处理根际土壤的B/F,A/F值较非根际土壤有所增加,但差异不显著;石灰氮处理的根际土壤中微生物总数量高于对照处理根际土,差异达显著水平。两个处理的根际土壤中微生物总数量也显著多于非根际土;施用石灰氮后,芹菜根际土壤的脲酶活性较非根际土壤、对照处理的根际与非根际土壤分别高出18.5%、49.2%、25.4%;芹菜的根系活力较对照高出了104%,同时也显著提高了芹菜的产量,增产达到22.7%。结果证实了施用石灰氮能够改善感染根结线虫根际土壤的生化性状。     

打顶剂对麦后直播棉产量构成及生长发育的影响

为探讨棉花打顶剂在长江流域对麦后直播棉产量及生长发育的影响,以早熟棉品种‘中棉所50’为材料,于2016-2017年在江苏省宿迁市开展打顶剂(DPC+)的比较试验。结果表明:喷施打顶剂棉花株高和果枝数显著高于人工打顶、低于不打顶,而上部果枝长度显著低于人工打顶和不打顶,株型更加紧凑、通风透光好。新生节间长度和新生果枝长度在不同剂量打顶剂处理下差异显著,而且随着打顶剂剂量增加长度逐渐变小,同时在人工打顶时间喷施打顶剂处理显著长于推迟5 d喷施打顶剂处理。单株成铃数基本表现为打顶剂处理高于人工打顶及不打顶处理,且人工打顶时间喷施打顶剂处理高于推迟5 d喷施打顶剂处理,单铃质量、衣分以打顶处理基本高于不打顶处理。连续2 a在人工打顶时间喷施打顶剂(DPC+) 1 125mL·hm~(-2)条件下,实际籽棉产量、皮棉产量平均达3 994.20 kg·hm~(-2)和1 464.10 kg·hm~(-2),比人工打顶条件下分别稳定增产0.9%和1.0%,且在此处理下,群体叶面积指数较为适宜(约4.0)、棉株功能叶叶绿素含量较高。     

黄瓜与西芹间作对黄瓜土壤真菌ITS多样性分析

为探索黄瓜与西芹间作后对黄瓜土壤真菌多样性变化规律的影响,本试验以黄瓜与西芹间作种植模式为处理,黄瓜单作和西芹单作种植模式为对照,进行不同处理土壤ITS真菌群落多样性高通量测序分析。结果表明：黄瓜与西芹间作土壤真菌Alpha多样性指数降低,Observed species指数、Shannon指数、Chao1指数和Simpson指数与对照相比均达到最低值,但差异均不显著（P>0.05）。在门分类水平上,共检测到5个菌门,其中,子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）为3个主要菌门;黄瓜与西芹间作处理前3个菌门所占比例最高,达95.50%。在属分类水上,共检测到329属,相对丰度比例为前12的菌属占所有检测出菌属的49.4%;黄瓜与西芹间作处理检测的菌属所占比例最高,达50.72%,其次为黄瓜单作和西芹单作,分别为50.47%和47.17%。因此,黄瓜与西芹间作处理改变了黄瓜土壤真菌群落的结构和组成,丰富了黄瓜土壤真菌的群落多样性,为以后设施黄瓜连作土壤微生态环境改善和修复提供科学依据。