Effects of crop establishment techniques on weeds and rice yield

Field and pot studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of seven rice establishment techniques {puddling transplanting (PT), no tillage transplanting (NTT), puddling drum wet seeding (PDWS), no tillage drum wet seeding (NTDWS), conventional tillage dry drilling (CTDD), furrow irrigated raised beds system dry drilling (FIRBSDD), and no-tillage dry-drilling (NTDD)} and water submergence stress on weeds and rice yield. The highest yield and least weed abundance were in the PT treatment. The direct seeded rice (DSR), both dry and wet exhibited severe weed infestation, and compared to transplanting showed reduced yield both in the presence and absence of weeds. The yield losses due to weeds in the DSR treatments ranged from 91.4 to 99.0%, compared to 16.0 and 42.0% in the transplanting treatments (PT and NTT). Weeds, including Cyperus rotundus L., Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd., Digera arvensis Forsk., Phyllanthus niruri L., and Trianthema portulacastrum L. which were found in the un-puddled DSR treatments were absent in the puddled plots, particularly the PT treatments. In pot studies, continuous water-submergence (2.5 cm) for 20 days reduced the emergence of C. rotundus, D. aegyptium, T. portulacastrum, and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. by 99.4, 100, 100, and 24.4%, respectively, compared to alternate wetting–drying. In farmer's field studies, when compared to the PT treatments, the DSR treatments exhibited lower yields (15.8%) with coarse varieties (HKR-47 & IR-64), but fine cultivars (Sharbati & PB-1) exhibited similar yields under both systems. In view of the shortage of labour for manual transplanting, there is a need to develop suitable cultivars for aerobic system conditions (unpuddled DSR and NT machine-transplanting).     

资丘木瓜产地干燥加工方法的研究

[目的]比较产地直接干燥方法和药典加工方法对资丘木瓜药材质量的影响,确定适合资丘木瓜的产地加工方法。[方法]采用直接干燥的加工方法与药典加工方法对资丘木瓜的新鲜果实进行干燥加工,对加工后的药材进行折干率、水分含量、醇溶性浸出物含量、总灰分、酸度、齐墩果酸含量、熊果酸含量的测定比较。[结果]2种加工方法的药材,在外观性状上无明显差异;其折干率、总灰分、酸度之间的差异不显著,而含水量与醇溶性浸出物含量之间存在显著性差异。传统方法加工的药材中齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量之和高于药典加工方法,但2种加工方法无显著性差异。[结论]综合能源消耗和干燥效果考虑,资丘木瓜药材产地采用直接干燥的加工方法较为适宜。     

无传感器式交流电动助力转向系统直接转矩控制

永磁同步电动机驱动的电动助力转向系统已成为发展方向,为适应交流电动机特点,基于模糊规则的助力-回正特性,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波估算定子磁链与位置,利用直接转矩控制算法对助力电动机进行控制,以提高电动机响应速度与精度。参照国标对该系统的转向轻便性与回正性能进行了仿真,结果表明提出的系统在电动机助力后转向效果明显,方向盘平均操作转矩减小45%,转向轮回正时间缩短了50%。台架试验结果显示,系统动态响应快,能够很好地完成助力控制目标。     

甜橙完整叶片培养芽直接发生与解剖观察

甜橙(Citrus sinensis)茎段在MS+KT 1.5mg/L+2.4—D 1.0mg/L培养基上形成的愈伤组织是由皮层与韧皮部薄壁细胞发生的。愈伤组织在MS+BA2.0mg/L+NAAO.2mg/L培养基上分化出丛芽,去掉NAA后有利于丛芽的生长。甜橙试管苗完整叶片在MS+BA1.0mg/L+NAA0.2mg/L培养基上培养15天后,出现叶面生芽。这种芽由叶脉维管束薄壁细胞。或维管束附近的叶肉细胞分裂后直接分化而成。叶面生芽主要分布在叶的主脉或侧脉处。     

A comparison of the somaclonal variation level of Rosa hybrida L. cv Meirutral plants regenerated from callus or direct induction from different vegetative and embryonic tissues

Summary Flowering plants of Rosa hybrida L. cv Meirutral have been obtained either from direct regeneration of adventitious shoots on leaf and root fragments, or through organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis on calli derived from anther, ovule, petal, sepal, receptacle, leaf, stem internode, root and zygotic embryo tissues. The calli derived from floral parts exhibited rhizogenesis. In this case direct induction of adventitious shoots from selected roots had to be performed in order to generate plants. A histological study of the morphogenetic calli was carried out. The plants regenerated directly and those regenerated from calli of leaf, stem internode, root and zygotic embryo tissues, together with reference plants propagated by cuttings, were compared on a phenotypic basis by taking into account petal number, form and colour, and plant growth habit. From these observations, it can be concluded that directly regenerated plants are as stable as reference plants while plants regenerated from callus are unstable, especially those derived from zygotic embryo tissues.Abbreviations BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - 2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid - GA3 gibberellic acid - IAA 3-indole-acetic acid - MS Murashige and Skoog - NAA 1-naphthalene acetic acid     

Relationship between somaclonal variation and type of culture in cucumber

Highly inbred B line of cucumber was used to compare the effect of four types of in vitro culture on somaclonal variation. The plants were regenerated from the following types of culture: twelve- and eighteen-month-old liquid culture of meristematic clumps (LMC₁₂₍₁₈₎), ten-month-old embryogenic cytokinin-dependent suspension (CDS), eighteen-month-old embryogenic cytokinin-dependent suspension in medium with modified NH⁺ ₄/NO₃ ^- ratio (CDS 1.7), twelve-month-old embryogenic auxin-dependent suspension (ADS), thirty six-month-old embryogenic auxin-dependent suspension in medium with modified NH⁺ ₄/NO₃ ^- ratio (ADS 1.7) and recurrent leaf callus regeneration (RLC) – repeated 5 times. The differences in the incidence of the following properties were observed: the ploidy of R₀ plants, the segregation of new morphological traits in R₁ and the germination ability of R₁ seeds. R₁ families with the segregation of new phenotypes were most numerous in CDS (62.5%) and LMC₁₈ (57.9%), next in CDS1.7 (35.7%), while the smallest number was found in LMC₁₂ (11.1%) and RLC (3.4%).Tetraploid and mixoploid plants occurred in ADS1.7 and ADS (100%) whereas CDS and RLC were observed to contain only tetraploids, respectively 33.3% and 55.2%. There were no changes of ploidy after LMC₁₂, LMC₁₈ and CDS1.7. Among new phenotypes there were such that have not been described so far in cucumber: ginkgolike leaf (gll), yellow-green chlorophyll mutants (y-gc), serrate margin of corolla in male and female flowers (smc). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Research on the Effectiveness of the Direct Regulation Pricing Methods of Public Utility

This paper analyzes the industrial organization of public utility and its cause and synthetically researches government direct regulating pricing methods of public utility, mostly the static or dynamic cost mark-up pricing methods. It is indicated by the means of game theory and imperfect contract theory, under the conditions of imperfect information and the government's inferior position, It's impossible to develop the incentive mechanism to utility enterprise, makes low productivity in public utility. The inefficiency of the cost monitor and control is inevitable when the direct regulation pricing system be used. The thought of direct pricing methods is a mechanical obstruction to improve the effectiveness of public utility. It's the radical approach for the government to reform the regulation modes in order to improve the effectiveness and social surplus of public utility.     

Genotypic differences in organogenesis from callus of ten triticale lines

Summary Callus was obtained from immature excised embryos of triticale using MS medium supplemented with 3 mg/l 2,4-D and 1 mg/l kinetin. The presence of 2,4-D was essential for continued callus proliferation. Plantlets were induced from the calli by sub-culturing on medium either devoid of auxin or containing 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D. The capacity to produce callus and to form organs and plantlets differed markedly among the genotypes used. Lines also had distinct response to presence and absence of 2,4-D in the regeneration media. The callus of most triticale lines used differentiated into organs more readily on MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D than on medium without growth regulators. Very high frequencies (up to 75%) of plantlet regeneration were observed in several of the triticale lines studied.     

苹果叶片愈伤组织植株再生研究

本研究以苹果品种千秋试管苗叶片为试材，接种子ＭＳ附加不同浓度ＢＡ和ＮＡＡ激素组合的培养基上，经愈伤组织诱导、不定芽诱导，一步诱导千秋叶片再生不定芽。得到苹果品种千秋叶片－愈伤组织－不定芽再生的适宜培养条件为：ＭＳ基本培养基附加ＢＡ ２ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＡＡ０．２ｍｇ／Ｌ；黑暗诱导５个星期后在同种培养基中转入光照培养，培养室温度为２５±２℃。     

宜兴茶园土壤侵蚀及生态影响

茶园是苏南丘陵坡地的一种典型利用方式 ,其上发生的土壤侵蚀及产生的生态影响不容忽视。而要测度土壤侵蚀 ,137Cs示踪法是目前使用较多的一种有用工具 ,但要用此法 ,需找到研究区的137Cs背景值 ,并建立合适的估算模型。本文在对宜兴茶园研究时 ,确定了这里的137Cs背景值为 2 2 0 0Bqm- 2 ,并建立了估算耕作土壤的较合理的模型h =Hc× (Cref-Ct) /(Cref-Cin)。在此基础上衡量了研究对象的土壤侵蚀量 ;并进一步探讨了由此引发的生态影响 ,包括土层减薄、土壤质地改变和养分流失这样的直接影响 ,以及与之相应的一些间接影响 ,如能耗增加、水体富营养化及土地适宜性变化等 ;并且 ,还采用等值侵蚀模数这个指标 ,在与其他地区尤其是黄土和红壤区比较中揭示了苏南地区土壤侵蚀的生态危害的严重性