安徽沿江地区油麦后直播棉的品种选用策略

在目前安徽沿江地区不能实现棉花机采的情况下,提出了"植株高度既适于机采也适于人工采收,含絮力适中(不易落花便于集中采收),生育期适中(播种到采收为180天左右),纤维品质及产量性状较优(纤维长度30.0 mm以上,断裂比强度30.0 cN/tex以上,马克隆值5.0以下,籽棉产量3750 kg/hm2以上,衣分在40％...     

Bulb organogenesis of Tulipa tarda in vitro cultures in relation to light environment

Here organogenesis of tarda tulip (Tulipa tarda Stapf.) from callus explants is presented. The callus tissue was cultivated on MS media containing 3% or 6% sucrose and either no addition of BAP (6-benzyl-aminopurine) or supplemented with 0.5 μM BAP. The cultures were maintained under a 16?h photoperiod under white, red or blue fluorescent light, at 20?±?2°C for 12 weeks. This study aimed to determine the most suitable light conditions and medium composition for seed-derived callus explants in order to obtain an efficient formation of adventitious bulbs. There were no differences between the spectra of light in differentiating adventitious bulbs. Explants cultured in darkness (control), on 0.5?µM BAP and 3% sucrose, formed the highest number of adventitious bulbs. The efficiency of adventitious organogenesis amounted to 36.6 bulbs per 1?g of callus tissue. The fresh weight of biomass, cultured in these conditions, increased within 12 weeks from 1 to 6.99?g. Supplementation with BAP of the medium containing 3% sucrose promoted the formation of bulbs, but in the case of the medium with 6% sucrose, BAP had an adverse influence under every type of light. The obtained results provide a useful protocol for the micropropagation of T. tarda, which can be used commercially for rapid and cost-effective production of the tulip.     

Potential,constraints and applications of in vitro methods in improving grain legumes

Grain legumes, the important constituents of sustainability‐based cropping systems and energy‐limited vegetarian diets have long been the subject of scientific research. Tremendous technological strides were made in the so‐called orphan crops, in terms of both varietal improvement and generation of basic information. Despite recalcitrancy and high genotype dependency, in vitro culture techniques such as organogenesis, in vitro mutagenesis, embryo rescue and in vitro gene transfer have been deployed for improvement of several grain legumes and these played an important role in introgression of desirable genes from related and distant species and creation of additional genetic variability. Stable and reproducible regeneration protocols resulted in the development of genetically modified chickpea, pigeon pea, cowpea, mungbean, etc., while embryo rescue was deployed successfully for recovery of interspecific recombinants, a few of them exploited for the development of commercial cultivars. Nevertheless, doubled haploidy witnessed limited success and protoplast regeneration and in vitro mutagenesis remained of academic interest. The present review focuses on the progress, achievements, constraints and perspectives of using in vitro technology in grain legume improvement.     

基于DYC和ABS分层协调控制策略的ESP仿真

提出了一种基于直接横摆力矩控制器(DYC)和制动防抱死系统(ABS)分层协调控制策略的汽车电子稳定程序(ESP)控制方法,以提高ESP的控制效果.在DYC和ABS的基础上设计了一个协调控制器,将控制系统分成上下层.上层协调控制器根据侧偏角的偏差值和车轮的滑移率计算出对下层子系统的调节量,统一协调下层的DYC和ABS工作.仿真结果表明,采用此协调控制策略,可比单独采用DYC更好地维持车辆的方向稳定性和侧向性能.     

基于全轮纵向力优化分配的4WD车辆直接横摆力矩控制 4

为了充分利用四轮独立驱动(4WD)与直接横摆力矩控制(DYC)各自的优势,提出了基于全轮纵向力优化分配的4WD车辆DYC系统方案.利用改进的2DOF车辆模型制定DYC稳定性控制目标,设计基于最优动态滑模的"前馈+反馈"DYC控制器.建立全轮纵向力优化分配模式,结合HSRI轮胎模型设计了降低整车路面附着负荷的目标函数,并通过约束优化得出全轮纵向力分配值.研究表明,全轮纵向力优化分配可提高整车路面附着余量,进一步提升了DYC系统的控制性能.     

Analysis of residuals for stability assessment of rice genotypes

The analysis of residuals computes general adaptabilities (GAs) and specific adaptabilities (SAs) of genotypes similar to combining ability analysis. The residual analysis is simple and robust being based on the first-degree statistics, and is assumption-free. A unique statistic of ratio of variances (VR) of residuals for individual genotypes allows comparing their stability. The residuals analysis of genotype × environment (GE) interactions was performed for grain yield (t ha^?1) of 25 rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes, including two developed by marker-assisted selection for root traits quantitative trait loci (QTL), tested across 16 sites. Results were compared with the linear regression analysis for (i) full set of 16 sites showing adequacy of linear model and (ii) subset of nine-poor sites showing inadequacy of linear model. There was agreement between the two analyses for situation (i) but not for situation (ii) when the regression analysis fails because of nonlinearity but the residual analysis retains its validity.     

双离合器变速器简介

汽车变速箱发展经历了100多年,从最初采用侧链传动到手动变速箱,及至液力自动变速箱和电控机械式自动变速箱,再到现在无级自动变速箱的普遍使用,在汽车工业技术不断前进的同时,变速箱也向着更平顺、更省油、更富驾驶乐趣的方向不断发展。直至双离合自动变速箱的出现,将汽车带进了一个更加环保低碳的境界。本文通过对大众迈腾双离合器自动变速器的介绍,让人们更加充分地认识双离合器自动变速器的优越性。     

草浆黑液半焦直接苛化水蒸气气化特性研究

采用管式炉在750~900℃内进行了草浆黑液半焦水蒸气气化实验,考察了温度、苛化剂TiO2对气体产物及固体产物的影响;采用热重分析仪在850℃下进行了半焦的水蒸气气化实验,探究了TiO2对半焦热失重特性的影响。结果表明:在750~900℃内,TiO2的添加使得气体产物中CO2增加约5%、H2减少约5%,碳转化率上升约10%,产气热值下降约7%;TiO2可避免气化过程中熔融物的生成;随着温度的升高,固体产物中无机盐的种类未发生变化;TiO2与半焦中的Na2CO3反应生成Na2O·nTiO2,与Na2SiO3结合生成Na2TiSiO5,改变了元素Na与Si的存在形态。     

玉米全膜双垄沟直插式精量穴播机设计与试验

为适应我国西北地区旱地玉米全膜双垄沟播作业需求,解决传统膜上播种机具作业存在挑膜、撕膜、种穴与幼苗错位等问题,设计了一种玉米全膜双垄沟直插式精量穴播机。该机采用凸轮-曲柄滑块机构、运动放大机构实现了成穴器的投种控制与定点强制开启。仿真分析与田间验证试验表明,直插式精量穴播机在覆膜垄沟播种作业时,成穴器位于播种段与出土段的水平分速为零,播种株距可在一定范围内调节,穴孔布置、成穴器运动轨迹均合理,满足玉米全膜双垄沟播作业的农艺技术要求。     

基于电磁阀的喷嘴直接注入式农药喷洒系统

设计了一种喷嘴直接注入式农药喷洒系统。通过与传统喷雾机械比较,简述了喷嘴直接注入式喷雾系统的结构和喷雾执行单元。为了实现农药定量注入,设计一种基于电磁原理的快速响应阀,并论述其工作原理和闭环控制方式。通过试验测试了喷雾执行单元的喷雾特性和喷杆组内各喷雾单元的一致性。结果表明在一定喷洒速率范围内,喷雾执行单元的喷水量和水压强存在多项式关系,农药注入量和PWM信号的高电平时间存在指数关系,其决定系数均高于0.9,并且同一喷杆组内6个喷雾单元的喷雾效果大体一致。