Can placement of seed away from relic stubble limit Rhizoctonia root rot in direct-seeded wheat?

Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat can be a problem in no-till systems, especially during the transition from conventional tillage. There are no effective chemical controls or resistant varieties, leaving only cultural methods to manage this disease. In a no-till system, residue and inoculum of soilborne pathogens are not moved by cultivation, therefore the inoculum may be concentrated in the seeding row of the previous year. Using GPS tracking systems with sub-meter accuracy, the seeding row could be placed away from the row of the previous year. We tested the hypothesis that seeding away from the relic row may reduce Rhizoctonia root rot. In two field experiments, plants were sampled at three distances from the seed row, as well as from fumigated plots. Intact soil cores were also removed from the field, planted with seeds at various distances from the previous row, and grown in the greenhouse under controlled conditions. Pasteurized cores served as controls. Disease levels were higher in the field in the second year, but there was no consistent effect of seed row placement on disease or plant parameters. However, soil fumigation and pasteurization had significant effects, indicating that soilborne pathogens were active. Inoculum of Rhizoctonia is not produced in the crowns and lower stems of the plant, but the pathogen survives in living and dead roots of the previous year crop, volunteers, and grassy weeds. Thus, high inoculum densities may be present in between the relic rows, as well as within the rows. If this is the situation with Rhizoctonia, precision placement of seed rows would not be efficacious.     

Rapid screening of genetically modified ingredients in soybean and cotton processing by-product and waste using direct qPCR

To develop a simple and fast method for screening genetically modified ingredients from processing by-product and waste, direct quantitative PCR (qPCR) kit-Taqman which omitting multi genomic DNA preparing steps was developed in this study. A total of 18 oil crop processing by-products and wastes including 10 soybean and 8 cotton materials were collected from food processing factories. Compared with 2 commercial direct qPCR kits, conditions of DNA releasing procedure and PCR amplification were optimized. Element screening was performed at the initial step of genetically modified (GM) ingredient testing procedure via direct qPCR. GM event identification was carried out in positive samples by initial screening. Totally 5 screening elements (P–35S, T-NOS, Cp4-epsps, bar and pat) for soybean materials and 6 screening elements (P–35S, T-NOS, NPTII, Cry1Ac, bar and pat) for cotton samples were detected. In GM event identification, MON531 and MON1445 were found in cotton materials. Results were further confirmed by real-time PCR with DNA extraction and purification. The direct qPCR system proposed by this research was convenient for rapid screening and identification of GM ingredients in oil crop primary by-product and waste.     

不同光质照射下真姬菇的生长发育与光受体的响应表达

采用 5 种不同光质光源,分别对真姬菇（Hypsizygus marmoreus）的菌丝、原基和子实体进行照射,检测菌丝生长速度、原基形成数量、子实体菌柄长度、菌柄直径、菌盖直径以及产量等。结果显示：真姬菇菌丝在黑暗和红光下生长较快,在红绿蓝复合光下生长最慢;在蓝光下形成的原基数量最多,而在红光下原基数量最少;子实体阶段,黑暗下菌柄的长度及直径最大,绿光下菌柄长度及直径最小;而在蓝光和红绿蓝复合光下菌盖直径最大。相同培养时间,真姬菇在黑暗和蓝光下产量较高,在绿光下产量最低。进一步检测真姬菇光受体基因 WC1 和 WC2 在不同光质条件下的差异表达。结果表明,在菌柄中 WC1 在黑暗下表达量最高,WC2 在蓝光下表达量最高;而在菌盖中 WC1 和 WC2 均在蓝光下表达量最高。     

播期对直播水稻产量、花后各器官干物质和氮素积累及转运的影响

为探究播期对直播水稻产量、花后干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响,以水稻品种白粳1号、长白9号和龙粳31号为供试材料,设置3个播期（SD1、SD2和SD3）,比较不同播期条件下3个品种的产量、抽穗期和成熟期各器官干物质及氮素积累与转运特点。3个品种抽穗期和成熟期各器官干物质及氮素积累量、抽穗至成熟期各器官干物质及氮素转运量和产量均表现为SD2>SD3>SD1。相关分析表明,产量与成熟期穗干物质及氮素积累量呈显著正相关,与叶片干物质和氮素转运量呈显著正相关。在本试验条件下,播期的推迟提高了3个品种有效穗数及结实率,进而提高了产量,同时促进了各器官物质转运量与转运率的提高。各品种SD2处理的产量及花后干物质、氮素积累量最高,SD2为适宜播期。     

水稻叶片气孔的研究 Ⅱ.不同生态条件下的气孔动态

统计结果表明,水稻各叶位气孔数量组成的变化主要是由本身特性所决定的.环境条件有一定的影响,但各生态因素的影响途径和结果有所不同.水、温主要是影响伸长的叶位.干旱抑制细胞伸长,使叶面积减小而提高气孔密度,降低气孔长度,达极显著水平.在水稻生长温度范围内,提高温度的结果则相反,但不显著.弱光主要影响叶原基阶段气孔的分化形成,且使气孔密度和长度相应发生变化.     

我国水稻种植方式发展与转型(英文)

[目的]分析我国水稻种植方式发展和转型特点,明确各稻区水稻种植方式的发展方向及需要研发的关键技术。[方法]分析国外代表性产稻国及我国主要稻区水稻种植方式的演变,水稻种植方式的特点,适应性及问题。[结果]国内外水稻种植方式的发展分析表明,水稻种植方式与水稻种植制度和生态环境相适应,随社会经济发展的发展而演变。我国90年代以来,随农村劳动力的转移,水稻抛秧面积逐渐发展,近十年来,水稻直播和机插秧面积发展较快。目前,手工插秧仍是主要种植方式,占水稻面积50%左右,抛秧、直播和机插秧分别占25%、12%和13%左右。[结论]水稻机插秧是我国未来水稻生产的主导种植方式,虽然目前机械直播面积还很小,机械直播因节本省工效果明显在部分地区可以发展。提出了不同稻区将来主导的种植方式及需要研发的关键配套技术。     

白杜花序和花的形态发生

利用石蜡切片及电镜扫描技术,对白杜(Euonymus maackii)花序及花的发生过程进行观察。白杜花序为二歧聚伞花序,从花芽分化到雌蕊形成,整个过程可分为花序原基分化期、苞片分化期、小花原基分化期、花萼分化期、花瓣分化期、雄蕊分化期、雌蕊分化期7个时期。白杜花序可能通过败育达到结构上的简化;大量小花的雄蕊发育异常是影响白杜结实率和观赏性的重要原因之一。     

直投式纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵剂的制备及应用效果

[目的]优选出发酵制备纳豆激酶制品质量稳定、价格低廉的直投式纳豆发酵剂。[方法]采用稀释平板分离法,从市售纳豆及纳豆菌剂中筛选出3株纳豆芽孢杆菌优势菌株。通过比较这3个分离菌株与实验室保存的纳豆芽孢杆菌菌株的产酶能力,优选出其中1株作为制备直投式纳豆发酵剂的菌种并研究其发酵工艺。[结果]试验得出,实验室保存的纳豆芽孢杆菌产纳豆激酶酶活力最高。作为接种剂,直投式发酵剂在产酶活力上均优于液体种子液。试验优化了冻干粉菌悬液的浓度为107CFU/ml,发酵豆粕获得了498.8 U/g纳豆激酶酶活力。[结论]研究可为利用直投式发酵剂发酵产纳豆激酶制品提供参考依据,为实际生产奠定基础。     

太白“全国奥运绿色食品(蔬菜)直供基地”建设的思考

解读《2008北京奥运食品安全行动纲要》对奥运食品原料定点供应基地的要求;概述了太白县蔬菜产品在通过国家绿色食品A级、USDA及EU有机食品认证后,"太白山"牌蔬菜产销两旺,2007年被确定为奥运会绿色蔬菜直供基地。由此启发思考,提出了围绕发展现代农业和"一村一品"建设,策应奥运食品安全追溯系统,突出技术标准化、产品销售品牌化、经营管理组织化、特色农业产业化,进一步促进"太白山"牌蔬菜产业提质增效优化升级的对策建议。     

抗犬瘟热病毒荧光标记单抗的制备和初步鉴定

1材料与方法 1．1材料 1．1．1病毒与细胞。犬瘟热病毒（CDV）、狂犬病毒（RV）、犬细小病毒（CPV）、犬副流感病毒（CPIV）、犬腺病毒（CAV）,非洲绿猴肾细胞（Vero）、犬肾细胞（MDCK）、猫肾细胞（F81）,犬瘟热病毒单克隆抗体CE3由军事医学科学院军事兽医研究所犬病研究中心提供。