盐胁迫对中国春-百萨燕麦草双二倍体SOD、CAT活性和IMDA含量的影响

利用不同浓度的NaCl溶液对中国春-百萨偃麦草双二倍体进行盐胁迫处理,测定不同盐浓度下中国春-百萨偃麦草双二倍体叶片中SOD、CAT两种保护酶的活性及MDA的含量变化。在盐胁迫下中国春-百萨偃麦草双二倍体SOD活性随着盐浓度升高出现三个升降过程。在盐浓度高于300mmol／L的处理时,中国春-百萨偃麦草双二倍体SOD活性均高于对照中国春;盐胁迫下中国春和中国春-百萨偃麦草双二倍体CAT活性均出现先升高后降低趋势。在盐浓度高于300mm01／L的处理时,中国春-百萨偃麦草双二倍体CAT活性均高于对照中国春,且两者的CAT活性均存在下降趋势。中国春-百萨偃麦草双二倍体的CAT活性总的下降幅度明显低于中国春;随着盐胁迫浓度的增加,中国春膜脂化产物MDA含量逐渐升高,而中国春-百萨偃麦草双二倍体MDA含量变化不大,总体维持5．59±0．98umol／L。在盐浓度高于300mmol/L处理时,中国春MDA含量显著高于双二倍体。结果表明：中国春-百萨偃麦草双二倍体在较高盐浓度处理下,表现出较强的抗氧化酶活性,活性氧清除能力增加;质膜伤害程度保持相对稳定,以较低的水平积累MDA。中国春-百萨偃麦草双二倍体具有较好的耐盐性,可作为小麦抗盐育种的种质资源。     

蒲公英二倍体与四倍体的几个生理指标比较

【研究目的】通过测定和比较二倍体和四倍体蒲公英不同部位(根、叶、花序)的几个生理指标,包括类黄酮、异黄酮、Vc、可溶性糖含量、SOD、POD和CAT,探索药用蒲公英倍性育种的应用前景,为药用植物的多倍体诱导提供理论支持。【方法】以人工选育的四倍体药蒲公英为材料,以二倍体多裂蒲公英为对照,采用相关的方法进行分别测定。【结果】四倍体药蒲公英的这些指标比二倍体蒲公英都有所增加,其中类黄酮平均增加46%,异黄酮平均增加38%,Vc平均增加54%,可溶性糖平均增加50%,SOD平均增加29%,POD平均增加45%,CAT平均增加40%。【结论】人工四倍体药蒲公英的这些生理指标显示出较强的抗性基础,可望直接利用或作为进一步培育药蒲公英新品种的良好育种材料。     

桑树性配子二倍化人工促进技术研究

在桑树初蕾期,用含２％ＤＭＳＯ的不同浓度秋水仙碱诱导性配子二倍化。结果,雌花以０．２％－０．０５％和０．１－０．０５％、雄蓊以０．３－０．１％和０．２－０．１％连续处理５ｄ效果最好,其苗木中三倍体发生率分别为１５．４９％和１５．６３％,平均１５．５３５。采用２次混合授粉、果实低温（２－５℃）冷藏、渐水浸种、垄播浸灌技术,使处理配子与正常了杂交吉实率和发校种子发芽率近正常与子间杂交水平。     

二倍体马铃薯S.phureja种质资源的抗旱性鉴定与综合评价

本研究采用盆栽干旱法,对19个二倍体马铃薯S. phureja种质资源和1个四倍体品种进行抗旱性鉴定,测定了叶片含水量、相对电导率、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量等生理生化指标,利用主成分分析和隶属函数分析综合评价其抗旱性。试验结果表明,品种间干旱胁迫响应差异显著,干旱处理下生理生化指标与对照相比差异显著,通过主成分分析和隶属函数分析,筛选出C3、C4、C6、C9、C10这5个二倍体马铃薯抗旱种质。本研究通过多个指标鉴定马铃薯抗旱性可为抗旱育种提供技术参考,鉴定出的S. phureja抗旱种质可为二倍体马铃薯抗旱育种提供材料基础。     

Polymorphisms at the Gli-A u 1 and Gli-A u 2 loci in wild diploid wheat (Triticum urartu)

Triticum urartu is a wild diploid wheat that has been identified as the donor of the A genome in polyploid wheats. The gliadins of this species were analysed by acid-PAGE in accessions from Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, former-Soviet Union and Turkey. Up to twenty-six different alleles for each locus (Gli-A ^u 1 and Gli-A ^u 2) implicated in the synthesis of these proteins, were found. The genetic diversity was high, although a great part of this diversity is in danger of erosion given that the distribution of the combinations is not random. Consequently, loss of these accessions could mean loss of the allelic variants. These results provide new basic knowledge regarding the genetic variability of the seed storage proteins synthesised by the A ^u genome, as well as their potential to obtain novel germplasm for the improvement of wheat quality in breeding programmes.     

不同染色体倍性西瓜对枯萎病的抗性研究

通过对18个同基因型不同染色体倍性西瓜品种的苗期枯萎病抗性进行接种鉴定,结果表明,同基因型的二倍体植株最先进入发病期,同源四倍体和同源三倍体对枯萎病的抗性优于同源二倍体,这些结果将为诱导西瓜四倍体和三倍体无籽西瓜抗病育种提供一定的理论依据。     

夏季高温期三倍体和二倍体长牡蛎生理能量学及碳收支的比较研究

为解析夏季高温期三倍体与二倍体长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)摄食和代谢生理以及能量/碳分配策略的差异,于2022年8月,以三倍体和二倍体长牡蛎为研究对象,在山东荣成桑沟湾采用现场流水法测定滤水率、吸收效率、耗氧率、排氨率等摄食和代谢相关生理参数,并基于能量收支方程估算能量分配与碳分配情况。结果显示,三倍体长牡蛎的滤水率、同化效率均高于二倍体长牡蛎,但无显著差异(P>0.05);三倍体与二倍体长牡蛎的耗氧率、排氨率存在显著差异(P<0.05),三倍体长牡蛎的耗氧率显著低于二倍体长牡蛎(P<0.05),但排氨率显著高于二倍体长牡蛎(P<0.01)。能量收支与碳收支的结果显示,三倍体长牡蛎的摄食能/碳、同化能/碳均高于二倍体长牡蛎,但无显著差异(P>0.05);三倍体与二倍体长牡蛎的呼吸能/碳、排泄能/碳、生长余力存在显著差异(P<0.05),三倍体长牡蛎的呼吸能/碳显著低于二倍体长牡蛎(P<0.05),但排泄能/碳、生长余力显著高于二倍体长牡蛎(P<0.05)。三倍体和二倍体长牡蛎的氧氮比波动范围分别为7.91~14.11和59.81~94.19,因此,三倍体长牡蛎的主要供能物质为蛋白质,二倍体长牡蛎的主要供能物质为糖类和脂肪。研究结果为揭示夏季高温期长牡蛎倍性效应关联的能量分配方式差异提供了数据支撑。     

二倍体马铃薯原生质体的游离与培养

以3种不同基因型的二倍体马铃薯为材料，研究了材料来源和不同预处理及游离过程中渗透浓度对原生质体游离质量和后期发育的影响。结果表明，不同基因型二倍体马铃薯细胞酶解时的适宜渗透浓度不同，Dd-Ⅲ-5为0．35～O．40mol／L，JK3为0．35mol／L，而Dd-Ⅱ-10的适宜渗透浓度范围较广，在0．30～O．45m01／L内均可；不同预处理所游离的原生质体质量及后期发育存在差异，经预处理后的原生质体活性均高于85％，且分化能力强；同一基因型的叶肉和愈伤组织所游离的原生质体活性差异不大，在产量上叶肉细胞高于愈伤组织；愈伤组织分化时，分化培养基附加的3个激素组合中，NAA1mg／L＋ZT 0．2mg／L时愈伤组织全部褐化死亡，而NAA1mg／L＋2，4-D1mg／L＋GA3 0．2mg／L和NAA1mg／L＋BA1mg／L上的愈伤都分化，后者分化较早；基因型对原生质体后期发育影响较大，经培养后，仅Dd-Ⅲ-5得到完整植株。     

中国东北地区5个常见蜜环茵生物种的培养特性

选择马铃薯-葡萄糖、松膏Ⅰ、松膏Ⅱ、ShawⅢ和MS共5种培养基，分别对中国东北地区5个常见蜜环菌生物种的单倍体和双倍体菌株进行培养特性研究。结果表明：5个蜜环菌生物种在5种培养基上的菌落形态和颜色以及培养基颜色变化等方面表现大同小异。单倍体菌落颜色基本为白色，有菌索产生的菌落易变成浅褐色；双倍体菌落基本上为浅褐色或褐色，壳皮状，随着菌丝生长和菌索形成能力的提高，菌落的颜色也表现出越来越深的趋势，绝大多数培养基不变色。5个生物种单双倍体菌株间在菌丝生长和菌索形成方面存在变化，双倍体菌株的菌丝生长速度普遍要比单倍体菌丝快，且菌索形成的能力也明显增强，菌丝生长良好的则菌索形成能力也相对较强；每个生物种不同交配类型的单倍体菌株间在同一种培养基上也基本表现相同。在5种培养基中，两个松膏培养基对促进菌丝生长和菌索的形成是最佳选择，其次是shawⅢ培养基，再次是PDA培养基，而MS培养基则最差。     

Breaking Strength of Pedicel as an Index of Grain-Shattering Habit in Autotetraploid and Diploid Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) Cultivars

Abstract

The grain-shattering habit was compared among diploid and autotetraploid cultivars of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.). In the first experiment, one diploid and one autotetraploid cultivar were grown in the field, and the number of grains shed naturally by wind or rain, and the number of grains detached by threshing the plants (by dropping from 1 m height onto a concrete floor, five times) were measured to evaluate grain shattering. The number of the naturally shed grains in the field was higher in the diploid than in the autotetraploid cultivar, although the number of grains detached by threshing was not different between the two cultivars. In another set of experiments, breaking bending strength and breaking tensile strength of pedicels were measured as indices of grain-shattering habit to examine the difference in shattering among two autotetraploid and four diploid cultivars (two summer types and two autumn types). They were grown in summer and autumn seasons to examine the environmental effect on grain shattering. Both breaking strengths were about two times higher in the autotetraploid cultivars than in the diploid cultivars. The breaking strength was well correlated with the diameter of pedicels. The values of grain-shattering resistance traits obtained in the autumn cropping season were higher than those obtained in the summer cropping season.