Evaluation of Near Infra-red Reflectance Spectroscopy for Predicting Grain and Stover Quality Traits in Maize

The prediction of grain and stover quality parameters in maize {Zea mays L.) by near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was studied. A total of 110 grain and 135 stover samples originating from different genotypes and environments were assayed. Calibration equations for content of crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), starch (ST), and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) in grain were obtained by multiple linear regression of known manual values on NIRS data from the odd numbered samples. Calibrations for CP, acid detergent fibre (ADF), in vitro digestible organic matter according to the Tilley & Terry (IVDOM-T & T) and the gas production (IVDOM-Gp) method, respectively, and metabolizable energy (ME) in stover were developed analogously. Equations were validated with the evennumbered .samples and for ME additionally with the 1584 stover samples from an experiment with 66 F₁ hybrids tested in six environments. The coefficients of multiple determination (R²) of the prediction equations ranged from 0.80 for IVDOM-Gp and ME in stover to 0.94 for CP in grain. Standard errors of calibration (SEC) and prediction (SEP) were in most cases not higher than commonly reported for conventional manual assays. With regard to the correct ranking of hybrids, prediction equations for ME applied well to stover samples from other environments with one exception. We concluded that NIRS can evaluate the quality traits investigated to a similar degree to that of conventional methods of analysis. Since NIRS is simple and safe to operate and allows rapid screening of several quality traits simultaneously, it should be particularly attractive for breeding purposes.     

The measurements of acid detergent fibre in rapeseed by visible and near-infrared spectroscopy

Visible and near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations for acid detergent fibre (ADF) in intact rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) were performed for two different sample volumes (10 ml, 500 seeds approximately; and 1 ml, 50 seeds approximately). The inclusion of brown and yellow‐seeded cultivars in this work has allowed the whole range of ADF currently described in the literature for this character to be covered. Chemometric techniques have been used for developing calibration equations for both procedures when measuring the two different seed sample volumes. On the basis of the coefficient of determination in the cross‐validation (R²cv) obtained for the 10 and 1 ml assays (0.80 and 0.73), and SECV/SEL ratios (2.30 and 2.57), respectively, both equations showed an accuracy sufficient for screening purposes in an ADF range from 6.80 to 13.46% dry wt, which is presented in this work.     

陆地型长绒棉主要经济性状遗传模式分析

选取两个遗传稳定的陆地型长绒种质系与 3个陆地棉品种按Griffing方法Ⅰ、模式Ⅰ全互交设计配成 5× 5共 2 5个杂交组合。对 9个经济性状进行调查 ,并建立Wr对于Vr的回归方程 ,测验“加性 +显性”模式的符合 ,制Wr对于Vr回归图 ,并估算各遗传参数。结果表明 ,纤维长度、纤维强度、马克隆值、籽棉产量、皮棉产量、单株铃数和单铃重遗传符合Hayman的“加性 +显性”模式 ,非等位基因间相互作用影响不显著。无论图解分析或平均显性度均表明纤维长度、纤维强度、马克隆值F1代为部分显性 ,加性效应方差在这 3个性状总遗传方差中占据相当重要的作用。分析性状中 ,与纤维长度、马克隆值和皮棉产量有关的增效基因 ,既有隐性也有显性 ,位点不同而有差异。纤维长度、纤维强度和马克隆值广义和狭义遗传力均较高。     

安哥拉山羊羊纤维鳞片特征

应用单侧观察法和旋转观察法在扫描电镜下对安哥拉山羊羊毛鳞片特征进行了研究。结果表明，安哥拉山羊毛纤维鳞片在直径１５微米下呈环形排列，鳞片多为四边形；在较粗的羊毛中，鳞片排列为非环形，鳞片形状多为三角形或多边形。两类鳞片实质上都呈复瓦状排列方式。鳞片的形状具有多态性。鳞片表面光滑，具有浅而直的纵向条纹，自然边缘逐渐变薄，紧贴毛干。     

不同开花期棉铃异质性与气候关系的研究

本文研究了1986～1988年不同开花期棉铃异质性与气候的关系。结果表明,3年平均落铃率为43.27％;就落铃率而言,晚秋桃>伏前桃>早秋桃>伏桃,伏前桃、伏桃和早秋挑3年平均铃重分别为49、55、75天;>10℃的有效积温是影响铃重的主导因素;干旱的天气和高温能使纤维缩短。     

甲状腺激素与山羊绒生长关系的研究

为探讨甲状腺激素对羊绒生长的影响,挑选12只(平均(15±1.5)月龄、平均活重(33.14±2.29)kg)内蒙古白绒山羊半同胞羯羊,随机分为2组。用外源褪黑激素(MT)调控羊绒生长,通过皮肤组织中脱碘酶(MD)活性变化,研究皮肤组织中甲状腺激素(T3、T4)与绒毛生长的关系。结果表明:1)埋植MT使绒纤维生长率增加(P<0.05),而对粗毛生长率没有影响(P>0.05);2)绒纤维生长率与血浆MT质量浓度有关(P<0.01),而与血浆T3和T4质量浓度无关(P>0.05);3)绒纤维生长率与皮肤组织中Ⅱ型脱碘酶(MDⅡ)活性呈正相关关系(P<0.05),而与Ⅲ型脱碘酶(MDⅢ)无相关关系(P>0.05)。分析试验结果显示,绒纤维在萌发、生长过程中需要更多的三碘甲腺原酸(T3),说明皮肤组织中甲状腺激素(尤其T3)在绒山羊绒纤维萌发和生长过程中具有重要生理意义。     

The political ecology of dietary transitions: Changing production and consumption patterns in the Kolli Hills,India

Using a case study from the Kolli Hills, India, I suggest that political ecology provides a useful theoretical basis for considering localized dietary transitions in rural, agricultural communities in developing countries. By examining the reasons for the near-disappearance of local minor millets as staple foods in three small-farmer communities, I argue that an explicit, actor-oriented analysis allows for an integration of food issues with considerations of environmental circumstances, local aspirations, and labor concerns. That is, an agricultural shift that abandons minor millets as a food resource reflects environmental changes and household economic aspirations. Such an analysis has implications for the creation of practical food security projects through the recognition and incorporation of small-farmer experiences, voices, and priorities. This research was undertaken through ethnographic fieldwork, using semi-structured interviews and participant observation as the primary methods. Elizabeth Finnis obtained her PhD from McMaster University in Canada and is currently a post-doctoral fellow in the Department of Anthropology and the Centre for Society, Technology, and Development at McGill University.     

叶面喷施“东农一号生长素”对亚麻产质量影响的研究

亚麻枞形期末至快速生长期初,叶面喷施“东农一号生长素”,原茎增产１８．０％,纤维增产２３．０％,长麻率增加２．５％,纤维强度增加２．７６ｋｇ,麻号提高产１＃。因此,“东农一号生长素”对亚麻有增加产量、改善纤维品质的效果。     

杂交改良对撒坝猪肉品质的影响——肌肉食用品质及肌纤维特性分析

 研究选用24kg左右的去势撒坝猪及其约长撒三元杂交猪各7头，根据基因型分成两组, 按活重变化分为3个试验期 （前:20～35kg，中: 35～60kg和后期60～90kg），在同一试验期内饲喂同样的日粮进行饲养试验，当活重达90kg进行屠宰试验，研究杂交改良对云南省本地猪种撒坝猪肉品质和肌纤维特性的影响。撒坝猪通过杂交改良后，生长速度和瘦肉率显著提高，但其肉品质均有不同程度的下降。杂交后代肌肉水分显著地增加（P<0.01），相反，肌肉粗蛋白（P<0.05）、粗脂肪和肌内脂肪（P<0.01）显著地降低。杂交后代的系水率、保水率、肉色、嫩度等指标均有不同程度的下降（差异不显著P>0.05），然而，大理石纹、熟肉率、滋味、多汁性和汤味显著下降（P<0.05）。肌纤维直径和密度变化较为显著。杂交后显著地降低了腰肌、股二头肌和背最长肌肌纤维密度（P<0.001）；腰肌、股二头肌和背最长肌肌纤维密度分别降低了22.3%，22.8%和19.3%。肌纤维密度降低的主要原因是杂交后显著地增加了腰肌、股二头肌和背最长肌肌纤维直径（P<0.01）；腰肌、股二头肌和背最长肌肌纤维直径分别增加了22.5%，18.1%和18.9%。