Fluoride-induced changes in chemical properties and microbial activity of mull,moder and mor soils

Summary Fluoride-induced changes of chemical properties and microbial activities in humus soils were investigated in 12-week lysimeter experiments. The mull soil showed the highest F-adsorption capacity, in which 94% of the fluoride added was retained after addition of 4.5 mg F/cm² as NaF. The moder and mor soils only adsorbed 52% and 41%, respectively. F-additions induced leaching of organic matter, Fe, Al and P and increases in soil pH in the moder and mor. In contrast no Al, Fe and P was leached from the mull and only minor amounts of organic matter dissolved after a single application of 4.5 mg F/cm². Treatments with NaF up to 3700 mg F/kg did not significantly reduce respiration in any of the humus forms. Dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities as well as nitrification were inhibited at much lower F-additions in the moder and mor soils. A significant decrease in ammonification was observed in the moder. In contrast, microbial processes in the mull soil were not inhibited. This is due to its high adsorption capacity and the relatively low toxicity of F-ions. According to computations using GEOCHEM, the F-ion was the most abundant species in mull lysimeter leachates. Leachates of moder and mor soils contained mainly AIF-complexes (90%–99%). The lack of any effects from NaF treatment on soil respiration is attributed to the observed positive effects, e.g. dissolution of organic matter, desorption of P and increases in soil pH.     

Soil enzymatic response to addition of municipal solid-waste compost

Modifications of soil microbiological activity by the addition of municipal solid-waste compost were studied in laboratory incubations. Three composts were compared, one lumbricompost and two classical composts with different maturation times. Organic C mineralization and nine enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, peroxidase, cellulase, -glucosidase, -galactosidase, N-acetyl--glucosaminidase, protease, amidase, and urease) were determined in the composts and the amended soil. Initial enzyme activities varied in the soil according to the sampling date (winter or summer) and were greater in the composts than in the soil, except for urease. Generally, the youngest compost exhibited greater activity than the oldest one. In the amended soil, the composts did not increase enzyme activity in an additive way. Dehydrogenase, the only strictly endocellular enzyme, was the only one for which the activity in the amended soil increased significantly in proportion to the addition of compost. During the incubations, C mineralization and dehydrogenase activity were significantly correlated, indicating that dehydrogenase was a reliable indicator of global microbial activity. Peroxidase activity in the soil remained constant, but increased in the composts and amended soil. Addition of the oldest compost had no effect on the activity of the C cycle enzymes, but the youngest compost increased creased soil activity at the higher application rate. Enzymes of the N cycle were stimulated by all compost amendments, but the increase was only transient for amidase and urease. Lumbricomposting had no marked effect on compost enzyme activity, either before or during the incubation.     

长期培肥黑土脱氢酶活性动态变化及其影响因素

对东北典型黑土区长期不同培肥黑土脱氢酶活性在作物生长季的动态变化进行研究。结果表明,施用有机肥,生长季黑土总体脱氢酶活性显著高于施用化肥和不施肥,其生长季脱氢酶活性保护容量在5.5 mg TPF/kg土.h以上,黑土总体脱氢酶活性施用高量有机肥>低量有机肥>不施肥>化肥,季节性变化波动性大。长期施用高量有机肥脱氢酶活性最大峰值出现在拔节期,施用低量有机肥、化肥和不施肥最大峰值出现在完熟期;长期施用不同数量和种类肥料所引起的黑土总体脱氢酶活性差异并未因玉米生长影响而改变,说明长期施用高量有机肥黑土微生物氧化活性能力增强,土壤自身调解和维持肥力能力增强。黑土脱氢酶活性的动态变化与绝大多数土壤生物、理化特性指标的动态变化没有显著的相关性;总体脱氢酶活性与多数土壤生物、理化特性因子、植物全磷、钾含量有极显著和显著正相关关系。     

Influence of soil properties on microbial populations, activity and biomass in humid subtropical mountainous ecosystems of India

 Microbial populations, biomass, soil respiration and enzyme activities were determined in slightly acid organic soils of major mountainous humid subtropical terrestrial ecosystems, along a soil fertility gradient, in order to evaluate the influence of soil properties on microbial populations, activity and biomass and to understand the dynamics of the microbial biomass in degraded ecosystems and mature forest. Although the population of fungi was highest in the undisturbed forest (Sacred Grove), soil respiration was lowest in the 7-year-old regrowth and in natural grassland (approximately 373 μg g^–1 h^–1). Dehydrogenase and urease activities were high in "jhum" fallow, and among the forest stands they were highest in the 7-year-old regrowth. Microbial biomass C (MBC) depended mainly on the organic C status of the soil. The MBC values were generally higher in mature forest than in natural grassland, 1-year-old jhum fallow and the 4-year-old alder plantation. The MBC values obtained by the chloroform-fumigation-incubation technique (330–1656 μg g^–1) did not vary significantly from those obtained by the chloroform-fumigation-extraction technique (408–1684 μg g^–1), however, the values correlated positively (P<0.001). The enzyme activities, soil respiration, bacterial and fungal populations and microbial biomass was greatly influenced by several soil properties, particularly the levels of nutrients. The soil nutrient status, microbial populations, soil respiration and dehydrogenase activity were greater in Sacred Grove, while urease activity was greater in grassland. Received: 14 October 1998     

三河马6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶及葡萄糖磷酸异构酶的多态性

采用淀粉凝胶电脉及琼脂覆盖技术对三河马血液红细胞6－磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶和葡萄糖磷酸异构入酶的电泳变异进行了检测。在6－磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶位点发现3个表现型，即FF、FS和SS，在葡萄糖磷酸异构酶位点共发现2个表现型，即Ⅱ,FI。等位基因频率直接通过表型计算得出：PGD^F为0．840，PGD^为0．160，而PI^F为0．140，GPI^I为0．860。父权否定概率在6－PGD和GPI位点分别为0．1163和0．1059。     

Effects of Exogenous Organic Acids on Dehydrogenase Activity in Dark Brown Forest Soils under Nutrient Deficiency

[目的]研究养分缺乏下外源有机酸对暗棕壤脱氢酶活性的影响。[方法]用不同比例 A1和 B层暗棕壤（ A1∶B=1∶2）设置土壤养分缺乏条件、栽植落叶松幼苗,通过有机酸溶液外源添加,系统研究不同浓度草酸、柠檬酸和琥珀酸对养分缺乏下暗棕壤脱氢酶活性的影响。[结果]养分缺乏下,暗棕壤的脱氢酶活性明显降低,且胁迫时间越长降低幅度越大。对于养分缺乏的暗棕壤,大多数有机酸处理均提高了土壤的脱氢酶活性,提高程度因处理时间、有机酸种类和浓度而异。在处理10、20和30 d时,最显著的有机酸处理浓度分别为10.0、5.0和10.0 mmol/L;不同处理时间内对脱氢酶活性的增幅为30 d〉20 d〉10 d;3种有机酸的增加效果为：琥珀酸〉柠檬酸〉草酸。[结论]外源有机酸对养分缺乏暗棕壤的脱氢酶活性提高有很好的促进作用,也一定程度上提高了暗棕壤的微生物活性和土壤肥力。     

不同载畜率对荒漠草原三种土壤酶活性的影响

以内蒙古短花针茅荒漠草原为对象,对不同载畜率下(轻度放牧、中度放牧、重度放牧)三种土壤酶(脱氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶)活性进行分析,并探讨植物群落生物量以及土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、全磷含量等环境因子与土壤酶的相互作用。结果表明,三种土壤酶活性随载畜率增加呈降低趋势,脱氢酶活性在禁牧区(197.51μgTPF/g·h)最高,脲酶活性在轻度放牧区(40.64mgNH+4-N/g·h)和重度放牧区(40.78mgNH+4-N/g·h)最高,磷酸酶活性在轻度放牧区(53.93μgphenol/g·h)最高;脱氢酶和脲酶活性在中度和重度放牧区不同土层内有显著差异(P<0.05),0~10cm土层酶活性高于10~20cm土层;不同载畜率下磷酸酶活性0~10cm土层高于10~20cm;三种酶之间相关性较低,但三种酶皆与环境因子有着密切联系。     

二氧化硫对土壤环境和土壤微生物的效应和机制研究

采集普光气田区代表性经济物种生长土壤(玉米种植区和水稻种植区,分别以旱土和湿土表示),于实验室内研究不同浓度SO2熏气胁迫下土壤环境的改变,及其对土壤微生物群落的影响和损害。研究结果表明,SO2进入土壤后会使土壤pH下降,但土壤较强的缓冲性能使pH维持在一定范围内。SO2进入土壤后被吸收、转化,其在旱土中以SO42-形态稳定存在,其在湿土中则进一步转化为其他形态或者被微生物利用。SO2刺激作用使土壤微生物在短时间内增加,但长时间高浓度胁迫下则会改变微生物的数量和结构。土壤中脱氢酶活性的变化与土壤中微生物总量变化相一致。     

冬小麦生育期间根系脱氢酶活性的初步研究

用红四氮唑法（ＴＴＣ法）对冬小麦根系脱氢酶活性进行了系统测定．结果表明：冬小麦的根系脱氢酶活性随生育进程而逐渐降低,可能与新根的比例下降和老根的比例提高有关;施氮较多的处理,各生育时期的根系脱氢酶活性均较高;播期较晚的处理,在返青期前根系脱氢酶活性高于早播处理;不同品种之间的根系脱氢酶活性也存在差异;根系脱氢酶活性与叶片的叶绿素含量呈正相关关系,与籽粒产量也呈正相关关系。文中还对脱氢酶活性作为根系活力指标的可能性及通过栽培措施调控根系和地上部协调发展的重要性进行了讨论。     

Fenvalerate induced stress mitigation by dietary supplementation of multispecies probiotic mixture in a tropical freshwater fish, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

Five experimental diets with various combinations of probiotics, namely T1 & T6 (basal feed (BF) without probiotics), T2 & T7 (BF + Bacillus subtilis + Lactococcus lactis), T3 & T8 (BF + L. lactis + Saccharomyces cerevisiae), T4 & T9 (BF + B. subtilis + S. cerevisiae) and T5 & T10 (BF + B. subtilis + L. lactis + S. cerevisiae) were fed to Labeo rohita fingerlings for 30 days. Treatment groups T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 were exposed to Fenvalerate, at a concentration of 1.79 μg L⁻¹. The SOD and CAT activity was significantly affected (P < 0.01) in fenvalerate treated groups. However, the supplementation of the three-probiotic mixture at equal concentration showed markedly reduced activity. Similarly, RBC, Hb, NBT, total protein and albumin values were reduced significantly (P < 0.01) in the fenvalerate exposed fish as compared to the probiotic supplemented fish. Fenvalerate exposure also showed increased serum ALP, ACP and Bilirubin values (P < 0.01) in comparison to the non-exposed fish. Histological observations of the gills, kidney and liver showed tissue degeneration after fenvalerate exposure, which however showed marked recovery on the three-probiotic mixture supplementation. Therefore, these results indicate that a mixture of multi-species probiotic supplementation in equal concentration acts beneficially in mitigating the stressful effects of fenvalerate.