苹果蠹蛾的生物学特性及消长动态

苹果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonellaL.)在甘肃张掖地区1年发生2代和一个不完整的第3代,以老熟幼虫在粗皮裂缝、翘皮下、树洞中、主干分枝及主枝分叉处的缝隙中结茧越冬。4月上旬,越冬幼虫陆续开始化蛹,5月中旬为越冬代成虫羽化高峰期,5月中下旬1代幼虫蛀果为害,7月中下旬为1代成虫羽化高峰期,7月中下旬至8月上旬为2代幼虫为害高峰期,9月中下旬出现不完整第3代幼虫。在甘肃张掖地区,6月中旬至7月上旬越冬代成虫和第1代成虫之间有一段明显的间断期,说明第1代苹果蠹蛾发生的趋势相对较为独立,世代重叠现象发生不重。     

不同温度下苹果蠹蛾实验种群生命表

在15、20、25、28、31、34℃的恒温条件下,测定了苹果蠹蛾Cydiapomonella（L．）各发育历期、存活率及产卵量,组建了苹果蠹蛾实验种群生命表,以探讨温度对苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。在15～31℃范围内,苹果蠹蛾各阶段发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,世代平均发育历期在15、20、25、28、31℃时分别为112．0、46．8、33．3、29．6、26．2天;在34℃时,苹果蠹蛾发育受阻,世代平均发育历期延长为31．4天。成虫寿命亦随温度的升高而缩短;单雌平均产卵量在25℃时最高,为92．7粒;在15和34℃条件下,没有有效卵产生。生命表分析显示,种群趋势指数（I）在20～31℃时均大于1,25℃时苹果蠹蛾种群内禀增长率（rm）和种群趋势指数最高,分别为0．0972和39．70。研究表明,25℃左右是苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度,温度过高或偏低均不利于苹果蠹蛾的生长繁殖。     

Effect of high-pressure hot water washing treatment on fruit quality, insects, and disease in apples and pears: Part IV: Use of silicone-based materials and mechanical methods to eliminate surface arthropod eggs

The presence of surface arthropods on commercially processed apples and pears poses a problem when these fruits are exported to countries where there are either limits on the numbers of eggs or a total quarantine restriction against these pests. Removal of mite and other arthropod eggs, such as European red mite (ERM) and codling moth (CM) eggs, may be enhanced by the use of a surface cleaning system, such as a hot water, high-pressure spray. Even if organosilicones, like Silwet L-77, have been used to kill spider mites, it was unclear if these chemicals could also facilitate the removal of arthropod eggs from the surface of fruit. In the present study, high-pressure washing process was highly effective in removing CM and ERM eggs at pressures as low as 400 kPa, resulting in greater than 60% removal of ERM eggs and 90% of CM eggs. High-pressure washing was the most important factor in removal of codling moth and European red mite eggs than organosilicone dips or hot water sprays.     

Insecticide resistance status of the codling moth Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from Greece

The codling moth Cydia pomonella L. is controlled mostly with chemical insecticides in Greece and control failures have been reported. However, there are no insecticide resistance studies in the country as yet. We examined the insecticide resistance status of 33 and 38 populations of fifth-instar non-diapausing and diapausing larvae, respectively by applying bioassays, biochemical and DNA diagnostics. Diagnostic concentrations of azinphos-methyl, phosalone, deltamethrin, thiacloprid, fenoxycarb, tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide and diflubenzuron were used in bioassays. Almost all populations showed reduced susceptibility to at least one insecticide and approximately half of them to all insecticides examined compared to a laboratory susceptible strain used as reference. However, only one out of six populations tested showed reduced susceptibility in ovicidal tests with fenoxycarb. Cross-resistances were observed among most insecticides, except from the pairs fenoxycarb–phosalone and thiacloprid–phosalone, in non-diapausing larvae. The more obvious biochemical marker associated with the reduced susceptibility observed in both larval instars was elevated cytochrome P₄₅₀ polysubstrate monooxygenases activity, followed by elevated glutathione-S-transferase activity and reduced carboxylesterases activity. Neither sodium channel nor AChE known resistance mutations were found in any of the approximately 1000 individuals of each larval instar screened with diagnostic PCR. Actions for Integrated Resistance Management and application of alternative control methods are discussed.     

天津地区国槐小卷蛾的发生及防治措施

国槐小卷蛾是为害国槐的重要蛀干害虫之一,常导致国槐树势较弱甚至死亡。由于隐蔽性很强,给防治带来一定困难。该文主要介绍国槐小卷蛾的形态特征、生活习性,分析其发生为害的原因,以及在天津地区的发生情况,并提出防治对策。     

Is attract‐and‐kill technology potent against insecticide‐resistant Lepidoptera?

Attract-and-kill techniques, associating an attractant and a contact insecticide in a sticky formulation, are a new way of controlling Lepidopteran pests. Insecticide resistance may, however, limit the effectiveness and even the attractiveness of such formulations where resistance pleiotropic effects influence pheromone perception. We have tested this hypothesis on resistant codling moths Cydia pomonella (L) using a commercial formulation containing (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone), the major component of the sex pheromone, as an attractant and permethrin as toxicant. We first compared the attractiveness of codlemone in a wind tunnel and the contact toxicity of pyrethroids on males of one susceptible and of three strains selected for resistance to diflubenzuron, deltamethrin and azinphos-methyl. The dose-response relationships of males of susceptible and resistant strains to codlemone did not differ significantly. The deltamethrin-selected strain was the most resistant to pyrethroids, exhibiting 138-, 25- and 18-fold resistance ratios to deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin, respectively. The efficiency of the attracticide formulation, applied successively on filter paper support, glass support and wood support, was estimated by recording the mortality delay of males after natural contact with the formulation in the wind tunnel. The deltamethrin- and diflubenzuron-resistant strains were significantly less affected than the susceptible strain by contact with the attracticide on the wooden support, exhibiting 58- and 2.3-fold greater LT50 ratios, respectively. Mortality of deltamethrin-resistant moths did not exceed 40% after 48 h. The LT50 value was significantly greater on filter paper support than on the two other supports. Surprisingly, the LT50 ratio of the deltamethrin-resistant strain was markedly higher on filter paper support (1021-fold), which was more absorbent, than on the glass support (31-fold). No sublethal effects in terms of pheromone response, mating or fecundity occurred in moths surviving contact with the attracticide. Choice of insecticides in attracticide formulations will be influenced by the resistance background of the target pests. Principles of insecticide resistance management may also be applied to attract-and-kill technology by alternating with other insecticides or control methods.     

Effectiveness of twelve insecticides applied topically to diapausing larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L

Dose-mortality curves were established for 12 insecticides administered by topical application to diapausing larvae from a susceptible codling moth strain. Toxicity varied greatly among the insecticides tested. LC50 values ranged from 0.1 mg kg(-1) for fenoxycarb to over 2800 mg kg(-1) for diflubenzuron and indoxacarb. Discriminating dose levels were determined from dose-mortality reference curves for the detection of resistance in field-collected diapausing larvae.     

槐小卷蛾性信息素载体对诱蛾活性的影响

通过林间诱蛾试验 ,研究了性信息素载体的材料、颜色以及散发面积对槐小卷蛾雄蛾诱蛾活性的影响。结果表明 ,天然橡胶诱芯、乳胶管诱芯和硅橡胶诱芯的诱蛾活性有明显差异 ,越冬代和第一代成虫发生期 ,天然橡胶诱芯的诱蛾活性明显高于乳胶管诱芯的诱蛾活性。散发面积为 8.7cm²的天然橡胶诱芯的诱蛾活性明显高于6.9cm²和4.8cm²的诱蛾活性。相同散发面积下 ,蓝颜色的天然橡胶诱芯的诱蛾活性明显高于红颜色和绿颜色的诱蛾活性。因此 ,在槐小卷蛾性信息素监测与防治系统中 ,以蓝颜色的天然橡胶作为合成性信息素的载体最为适宜     

Potential of Heterorhabditis zealandica (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) for the control of codling moth,Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in semi-field trials under South African conditions

Infection of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), larvae by the entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis zealandica, was studied under semi-field conditions. Late-instar diapausing codling moth larvae, coccooned in perforated cardboard strips, were used in all trials to evaluate the nematode treatments involved. A morning application of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 MM infective juveniles (IJs) per tree resulted in 85%, 95% and 100% codling moth larval infection, respectively. Contrasting results were obtained for an evening application, with low levels of codling moth infection (<50%). Nematode treatment strips placed in direct sunlight resulted in almost no infection (<10%), opposed to strips attaining 67% infection placed in the shade.