光周期与温度对苹果蠹蛾滞育解除的影响

[目的]探讨苹果蠹蛾滞育解除的机理及影响因子。[方法]研究不同的光周期与温度梯度对苹果蠹蛾滞育解除的影响。[结果]对于苹果蠹蛾滞育幼虫,在一定低温范围内,低温处理的温度越低,苹果蠹蛾滞育解除的效率就越高;长光照虽然能够促进苹果蠹蛾滞育的解除但不是其打破滞育的依赖因素,如果不经过低温处理,苹果蠹蛾很难解除滞育;在低温处理的基础上,光照时间越长,其化蛹率越高,越有利于苹果蠹蛾滞育的解除,低温与长光照的配合能有效地解除滞育。[结论]低温是解除滞育的关键因素。     

Effect of sugars and non-nutritive sugar substitutes on consumption of apple leaves by codling moth neonates

Recently we reported that monosodium glutamate stimulates feeding in neonates of the codling mothCydia pomonella (L.). Herein we extend our general knowledge about feeding stimulators in neonates of this species, by presenting the effects of several sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose, and maltose) and non-nutritive sugar substitutes (Sweet’n Low® and Equal®) on consumption of apple leaf (HoneycrispTM) tissue. Glucose, fructose, maltose and aspartame-based Equal had no effect on leaf consumption. Sucrose at a high concentration significantly reduced leaf consumption and delayed commencement of feeding. Sweet’n Low at high concentrations significantly increased leaf consumption and accelerated the commencement of feeding. Saccharin hemicalcium salt was identified as an active ingredient of Sweet’n Low. At 500 ppm and 1000 ppm, saccharin hemicalcium salt increased leaf consumption and accelerated commencement of feeding. The practical aspects of our findings are discussed.     

新疆苹果蠹蛾幼虫期及蛹期的寄生蜂调查初报

经3年在新疆伊犁的调查，发现苹果蠹蛾幼虫和蛹的5种寄生蜂，包括1种重寄生蜂。它们是光点瘤姬蜂，蠹蛾玛姬蜂，红足微茧蜂，四齿革腹茧蜂和凹腹双短刺金小峰。     

Control of the codling moth (cydia pomonella) in apple and pear orchards in Israel by mating disruption

Control of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), by pheromone-mediated mating disruption, was studied in Israel using two types of dispensers: Shin-Etsu twist-tie (normal and long-life) and TNO matrix formulation (square wafers). Factors affecting mating disruption: initial pest population density, timing of the pheromone application, early season insecticide treatments and monitoring of the pest, were evaluated. Efficacy of mating disruption was assessed by comparing catch of males in pheromone traps located in pheromone-treated and chemically sprayed control plots. Fruit infestation during the season and at picking time was the major criterion to assess mating disruption. The preferred time for pheromone application was before the first flight of the moth. When pheromones were applied at a later stage, one or two early insecticide sprays had to be used to reduce the initial level of the codling moth population. In all tests, trap catch in pheromone-treated plots was drastically reduced as compared with respective control plots. In pheromone-treated plots where total seasonal trap catch (after pheromone application) was less than 12 males/trap, fruit infestation was less than 1.5%; zero trap catch resulted in 0.1-0.3% infestation. At high population levels, mating disruption was ineffective, with the rate of infestation at picking-time being similar in pheromone-treated and control plots. All the field tests indicated that mating disruption with either Shin-Etsu ropes or TNO squares can control codling moth infestations in apple and pear orchards, at relatively low densities of the pest, as efficiently as commercial insecticide sprays.     

Factors influencing the parasitism of codling moth eggs by Trichogramma cacoeciae March. and T. principium Sug. et Sor. (Hymen. Trichogrammatidae)

Non-choice laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of host acceptance, previous rearing host, host age and the contact time between parasitoids and host on the efficacy of Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal and T. principum Sug. et Sor. against the codling moth Cydia pomonella. The tendency of T. cacoeciae and T. principum females to attack the codling moth was similar to E. kuehniella, and it was not affected by the previous rearing host. T. cacoeciae showed a greater preference for codling moth eggs than T. principum. A high mean number of emerged F₁ progeny was observed when both parasitoids were sequentially reared on codling moths. Codling moth acceptance, the number of parasitized eggs and the number of emerged progeny were higher when younger codling moth eggs were offered. The tendency of female parasitoids to oviposit remained unchanged when the contact time with the host was prolonged. When the contact time was increased, the number of parasitized eggs and emerged offspring was higher. The results showed that the codling moth fertility (egg hatch) was reduced when younger eggs were offered and when the contact time with the parasitoids was increased. T. cacoeciae was more efficient in reducing codling moth fertility. The current study provided essential information necessary to increase the efficiency of T. cacoeciae and T. principum against the codling moth.     

不同温度下苹果蠹蛾实验种群生命表

在15、20、25、28、31、34℃的恒温条件下,测定了苹果蠹蛾Cydiapomonella（L．）各发育历期、存活率及产卵量,组建了苹果蠹蛾实验种群生命表,以探讨温度对苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。在15～31℃范围内,苹果蠹蛾各阶段发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,世代平均发育历期在15、20、25、28、31℃时分别为112．0、46．8、33．3、29．6、26．2天;在34℃时,苹果蠹蛾发育受阻,世代平均发育历期延长为31．4天。成虫寿命亦随温度的升高而缩短;单雌平均产卵量在25℃时最高,为92．7粒;在15和34℃条件下,没有有效卵产生。生命表分析显示,种群趋势指数（I）在20～31℃时均大于1,25℃时苹果蠹蛾种群内禀增长率（rm）和种群趋势指数最高,分别为0．0972和39．70。研究表明,25℃左右是苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度,温度过高或偏低均不利于苹果蠹蛾的生长繁殖。     

不同食料对苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内研究了红玉苹果、红元帅苹果、张掖2号苹果、沙果、苹果梨、早酥梨、杏对苹果蠹蛾［Cydia pomonella (L.)］生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,不同食料对苹果蠹蛾幼虫和蛹的发育历期、存活率、蛹重、雌成虫寿命、雌成虫产卵量等有显著影响。幼虫取食沙果、早酥梨、红玉苹果最有利于其生长发育和繁殖;取食红元帅苹果和张掖2号苹果的影响居中;而取食杏和苹果梨对其生长发育和繁殖表现出明显的不利性,主要表现为幼虫死亡率增加,幼虫期延长,蛹期延长,蛹重减轻,雌成虫寿命缩短,单雌产卵量降低。     

Monitoring resistance to diflubenzuron and deltamethrin in French codling moth populations (Cydia pomonella)

French populations of codling moth have developed resistance to several insecticide classes. The susceptibility of susceptible and resistant laboratory strains to diflubenzuron and deltamethrin was evaluated using different exposure methods against various life stages. The tarsal contact method for adults was found to be an appropriate method for testing neurotoxic compounds such as deltamethrin. Insect growth inhibitors, like diflubenzuron, need to be analysed on juvenile instars. Monitoring methodologies were developed and evaluated (a) on neonates obtained by crossing field‐collected males with virgin females from the susceptible laboratory strain so as to overcome the problem of reduced fertility of wild females and (b) on diapausing larvae. All 36 populations analysed exhibited significant levels of resistance to both diflubenzuron and deltamethrin. Resistance to the two compounds was linked, regardless of the cultivation methods used in the monitored area. The monitoring methodologies will be implemented to evaluate the evolution of resistance according to the resistance management strategies that have been adopted. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

槐小卷蛾性信息素次要组分对林间诱蛾活性的影响

（反,反）－８,１０－十二碳双烯醛（Ｅ８,Ｅ１０－１２：Ａｌｄ）是槐小卷蛾性信息素的次要活性组分。单组分Ｅ８,Ｅ１０－１２：Ａｌｄ对槐小卷雄蛾没有引诱作用,但作为增效剂,在性信息素两个主要成分中加入Ｅ８,Ｅ１０－１２：Ａｌｄ能显著提高林间诱蛾活性,３个组分的最佳活性配比为２∶３∶１。     

苹果蠹蛾生物学特征与防治对策(英文)

苹果蠹蛾是严重为害苹果、梨等果树的蛀果害虫,也是我国重要的检疫性害虫。近年来,该虫在我国东侵的势头愈加严峻,为害程度不断加重。苹果蠹蛾一旦传入河北省,势必将对河北省果业生产带来重大影响。详细介绍了苹果蠹蛾的为害特点、形态特征和生活习性,并提出了防治对策,旨为促进河北省苹果、梨等优势水果的健康发展提供技术支撑。