松瘿小卷蛾的发生规律

采取随机取样调查法,对大兴安岭新林、加格达奇和哈尔滨地区阿城市玉泉林场、宾县松林林场的不同林龄、林型和林木位置的落叶松上的松瘿小卷蛾(Cydia zebeana)危害进行调查发现:松瘿小卷蛾对落叶松幼龄林主梢危害严重,虫瘿在树冠中、下部的分布明显多于上部(P<0.05),树冠各个方位的虫瘿分布无明显差异(P>0.05);林缘的虫瘿密度明显高于林内,混交林的虫瘿密度显著小于纯林(P<0.05)。在大兴安岭,松瘿小卷蛾于不同直径的落叶松枝条上均呈聚集分布,而在哈尔滨地区则呈均匀分布,两地分别有86.1%和80.6%虫瘿分布在直径为0.40~1.19 cm的枝条上。     

中国疫区内苹果蠹蛾微卫星位点的扩增稳定性及遗传多样性

为揭示欧洲苹果蠹蛾微卫星位点在中国苹果蠹蛾群体遗传学研究中的有效性,以12对微卫星引物对采自中国主要疫区新疆、甘肃、黑龙江的8个苹果蠹蛾地理种群的120头个体在各位点的遗传多样性及扩增稳定性进行研究。所选取的12个微卫星位点中,有8个能够稳定扩增,各位点在大多数种群中均显示偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡,各位点上的平均等位基因数量为3.750～12.500,平均观察杂合度Ho为0.025～0.783,平均期望杂合度He为0.284～0.892。位点Cp2.P和Cp4.56分别具有较低的观察杂合度(0.109、0.025)和较高的近交系数Fis(0.806、0.954),说明这2个位点上的杂合子非常缺乏,其余6个位点均具有较高的杂合度水平和等位基因数量,适用于中国疫区内苹果蠹蛾微卫星分子标记研究。     

Reduced egg viability in codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) following adult exposure to novaluron

BACKGROUND: The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is one of the principal pests of pome fruits in the world. The effects of novaluron, a benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitor insecticide registered for use on apples in the USA, on fecundity and egg viability in codling moth were studied under laboratory conditions. Three different exposure methods were investigated: ingestion, contact and topical spray. Additionally, the duration of novaluron sublethal effects was measured subsequent to the three modes of exposure. RESULTS: The fecundity of codling moth adults was not significantly affected by novaluron with any of the exposure methods. However, novaluron did cause significant reductions in the proportion of egg hatch with all three exposure methods. The duration of sublethal effects was 9 days or more for all modes of exposure, but with the topical spray these effects began to diminish after 6 days. CONCLUSION: Novaluron does not affect fecundity in codling moth, but has significant sublethal activity by reducing egg viability subsequent to adult exposure. The topical, contact and ingestion exposures all induce sublethal effects after exposure, and these persist to various degrees throughout codling moth oviposition. A more complete understanding of novaluron's lethal and sublethal activities will help IPM practitioners optimize its use for management of the codling moth. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫迷向剂复合干扰在南疆‘库尔勒香梨’园的应用效果

‘库尔勒香梨’园苹果蠹蛾、梨小食心虫同域混合发生,均钻蛀隐蔽为害,且抗逆性强,致使化学农药使用频繁而防效低下,已严重制约南疆特色‘库尔勒香梨’产业发展。通过田间性迷向干扰试验,测定了苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫性迷向剂在阿克苏地区‘库尔勒香梨’园(约9hm²)的应用效果。结果表明:苹果蠹蛾在该果园1年发生4代,梨小食心虫1年发生5代;性迷向剂胶条600、900、1200个/hm²处理的迷向率均在94%以上,复合迷向干扰效果明显优于对照。蛀果率调查结果显示,7月10日和8月10日性迷向剂胶条600、900、1 200个/hm²处理的蛀果率分别为0.50%、0.25%、0.13%和0.38%、0.25%、0.13%,均显著低于对照,整体上随时间延续防效更为明显。综上,采用性迷向剂对苹果蠹蛾和梨小食心虫进行复合干扰迷向防治有良好的效果,且具有环境友好的优势,综合考虑成本,建议田间使用性迷向剂胶条900个/hm²为宜。     

实时荧光PCR快速检测苹果蠹蛾

苹果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonella L.)是重要的国际检疫性害虫。本文根据苹果蠹蛾线粒体COI基因序列设计引物和探针,对苹果蠹蛾及其相似种进行实时荧光PCR检测,结果表明,不同虫态的苹果蠹蛾均能够与近似种类区分开来。该技术可快速准确地鉴定苹果蠹蛾,为检疫性害虫苹果蠹蛾的检疫提供了一种新的方法。     

松瘿小卷蛾发生与林分因子的关系研究

[目的]了解松瘿小卷蛾（Cydia zebeana Ratzebury）发生与林分因子的关系,为控制森林主要病虫危害和提高森林健康提供参考.[方法]通过分析大兴安岭地区93个松瘿小卷蛾受灾小班相关数据研究了松瘿小卷蛾发生与林分因子之间的关系.[结果]主要受灾海拔区间为400 ～630 m,受灾比较严重的3种林型为兴安杜鹃兴安落叶松林、兴安杜鹃白桦林、坡改落叶松林,发病小班数共65个,占发病总数的69.89％.南坡发病数是北坡的2.00倍,郁闭度发病区间相对集中,郁闭度0.40 ～0.70占所有发病总数的87.10％,人工林发病率是天然林发病率的3.84倍,发病林胸径范围主要集中在0～ 16 cm,占受灾林地的93.55％,各胸径组间感病指数差异不显著.虫口密度与发病林地的乔木平均树高、乔木平均胸径均呈显著相关.[结论]为大兴安岭地区森林健康维护与提高提供了技术支撑.     

苹果蠹蛾几丁质脱乙酰基酶2的基因克隆、表达模式和分子特性

【目的】研究苹果蠹蛾（Cydia pomonella）几丁质脱乙酰基酶2（chitin deacetylase 2,CDA2）的分子特性和表达模式,为新型杀虫剂靶标筛选提供理论依据。【方法】基于苹果蠹蛾转录组和基因组数据,通过同源比对获得苹果蠹蛾CDA2的相关信息;新鉴定的CpCDA2a和CpCDA2b与其他昆虫中已鉴定的CDA2氨基酸序列进行多序列比对,并采用MEGA7软件邻接法（neighbor-joining,NJ）构建系统发育树;通过生物信息软件预测CpCDA2a和CpCDA2b两个剪切体的蛋白功能域和三维结构并分析其差异,并通过在线软件对其分子量、等电点和亲/疏水性等蛋白理化性质及糖基化修饰位点等方面进行分析比较;采用荧光定量PCR检测CpCDA2a和CpCDA2b两个剪切体在苹果蠹蛾不同发育时期及其幼虫不同组织的表达情况,以及注射蜕皮激素后其表达量的变化趋势。【结果】获得了苹果蠹蛾CDA2的两个可变剪切体CpCDA2a和CpCDA2b的全长CDS序列及其内含子和外显子位置信息;分析发现两个剪切体的蛋白序列均具有信号肽、几丁质结合域（ChBD）、低密度脂蛋白受体域（LDLa）和几丁质脱乙酰基催化域（CDA）等功能域。多序列比对和聚类分析结果表明,不同昆虫间CDA2差异剪切类型非常类似,相同目昆虫的序列以较高的置信度聚为一支。三维结构模拟与比较发现两个剪切体的ChBD功能域在结构上存在较大差异;理化性质分析显示两个剪切体的亲/疏水性和糖基化位点也存在差异。不同发育时期表达量分析表明,CpCDA2a主要在幼虫期高表达,CpCDA2b主要在蛹的前期和中期高表达,而且在幼虫蜕皮前和蜕皮后CpCDA2a和CpCDA2b表达量均会显著上调;不同组织的表达量分析表明,CpCDA2a和CpCDA2b均在表皮中表达量最高,而CpCDA2b在头部的表达量也较高。对注射蜕皮激素后幼虫中CpCDA2a和CpCDA2b表达量分析显示,与对照相比在注射蜕皮激素后CpCDA2a的表达量在24 h和48 h均有所上调,但差异不显著,而CpCDA2b在24 h和48 h均显著上调。【结论】苹果蠹蛾CDA2的转录本存在两个可变剪切体CpCDA2a和CpCDA2b,根据对其分子特性、发育阶段和组织表达谱、以及注射蜕皮激素后表达动态等方面的综合分析,推测两者均参与苹果蠹蛾蜕皮和新表皮形成过程,但由于可变剪切的序列差异导致的蛋白结构和理化性质上的差异造成了两者在功能上的分化。     

Projecting the Global Potential Distribution of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Under Historical and RCP4.5 Climate Scenarios

The codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a destructive pest of apple (Malus domestica (Rosales: Rosaceae)), pear (Pyrus spp. (Rosales: Rosaceae)), and other pome tree fruits; outbreaks cause significant ecological and economic losses. In this study, we used CLIMEX model to predict and evaluate the global risk of C. pomonella based on historical climate data (1989–2018) and simulated future climate data (2071–2100) under the RCP4.5 scenarios. Cydia pomonella exhibited a wide distribution under both historical and future climate conditions. Climate change is predicted to expand the northern boundary of the potential distribution from approximately 60°N to 75°N. Temperature was the most dominant factor in climatic suitability for the pest. Combinations of multiple meteorological factors (relative humidity and precipitation) associated with a failure to break diapause in certain regions also affect suitability, particularly in northern South America and central Africa. Irrigation only had a slight impact on species favorability in some areas. The projections established in our study present insight into the global potential suitability of C. pomonella under climate change scenarios by the end of the 21st century. Farmers should be aware of the risk associated with the pest based on the results, which would provide guidance for quarantine agencies and trade negotiators worldwide.     

Toxicological and biochemical response to azinphos-methyl in Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) among orchards from the Argentinian Patagonia

BACKGROUND: Azinphos‐methyl is the main insecticide used to control codling moth on apple and pears in Northern Patagonia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological and biochemical response of diapausing larvae of codling moth in orchards subjected to different insecticide selection pressure. RESULTS: Dose–mortality assays with azinphos‐methyl in diapausing larvae of Cydia pomonella L. showed significant differences between the LD₉₅ from a population collected in one untreated orchard (2.52 µg moth^?1) compared with that in a laboratory‐susceptible population (0.33 µg moth^?1). Toxicity to azinphos‐methyl in field populations of diapausing larvae collected during 2003–2005 was evaluated by topical application of a discriminating dose (2.5 µg moth^?1) that was obtained from larvae collected in the untreated orchard (field reference strain). Significantly lower mortality (37.71–84.21%) was observed in three out of eight field populations compared with that in the field reference strain. Most of the field populations showed higher esterase activity than that determined in both the laboratory susceptible and the field reference strains. Moreover, there was a high association between esterase activity and mortality (R² = 0.64) among the field populations. On the other hand, a poor correlation was observed between glutathione S‐transferase activity and mortality (R² = 0.33) among larvae collected from different orchards. CONCLUSIONS: All the field populations evaluated exhibited some degree of azinphos‐methyl tolerance in relation to the laboratory susceptible strain. Biochemical results demonstrated that esterases are at least one of the principal mechanisms involved in tolerance to this insecticide. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

光周期与温度对苹果蠹蛾滞育解除的影响

[目的]探讨苹果蠹蛾滞育解除的机理及影响因子。[方法]研究不同的光周期与温度梯度对苹果蠹蛾滞育解除的影响。[结果]对于苹果蠹蛾滞育幼虫,在一定低温范围内,低温处理的温度越低,苹果蠹蛾滞育解除的效率就越高;长光照虽然能够促进苹果蠹蛾滞育的解除但不是其打破滞育的依赖因素,如果不经过低温处理,苹果蠹蛾很难解除滞育;在低温处理的基础上,光照时间越长,其化蛹率越高,越有利于苹果蠹蛾滞育的解除,低温与长光照的配合能有效地解除滞育。[结论]低温是解除滞育的关键因素。