苹果蠹蛾的发生现状、监测技术及防治方法研究进展

苹果蠹蛾(Cydia pomonella L.)是一种严重危害苹果、梨、桃、杏的检疫性害虫,目前在我国局部分布,严重威胁我国苹果主产区。本文综述了苹果蠹蛾的发生现状、化学生态学研究进展、常用的监测技术方法以及主要防治方法,对苹果蠹蛾综合防控存在的问题及改进方向进行了讨论,以期为减缓苹果蠹蛾的扩散传播提供理论基础。     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE BIOLOGY OF CYDIA ILLUTANA DAHURICOLANA IN THE NORTHEAST OF CHINA(LDPIDOPTERA:TORTRICIDAE)

The tortricid moths damdging Dahurian Larch(larix gmelini Rupr.)cone weresurveyed in a matural larch forest in Wurjihan in the eastern parrt of Inner Mongolia,China from 1988 to 1989,and the population dynamics of the moth is investigated inKuduer.Jiwen and other neighbor areas.The tortricid moth was identified to be Cydiaillutana dahuricolana(V.I.Kuznetzov),the first recored in China.It has one generation ayear,and overwinters in pupae in the eastern part of Inner Mongolia.The characteristics ofthe larvae and pupae are descrbed in detail,its life habit and damaging are preliminarilystudied.The differences of its occurence in different areas are disscussed by combining withmeteorological factors.     

苹果蠹蛾入侵的影响因素及检疫调控措施

苹果蠹蛾是世界性重要的果树害虫之一,适应性广,危害严重,成为许多国家重要的检疫对象。为了更有效地防止苹果蠹蛾入侵中国主要水果产区,借鉴更安全环保的检疫处理和苹果蠹蛾发生区的控制措施,该文分析了苹果蠹蛾的传播途径和成功入侵的影响因素如寄主植物、温度、湿度、降雨和光周期等,并重点介绍了溴甲烷熏蒸、低氧空气或混合气体处理和高温低氧低温冷藏处理等检疫处理,以及性诱剂、苹果蠹蛾颗粒病毒和利用赤眼蜂等田间生物防治措施。苹果蠹蛾的成功入侵与寄主植物的种类有直接的关系,而气候条件则是影响其种群的重要因素。3种检疫处理措施均能安全有效地杀灭水果中苹果蠹蛾的不同虫态,而田间生物防治措施则能有效地控制苹果蠹蛾成虫、卵和幼虫3个重要的虫态,从而降低水果的损失。因此,这些结果为苹果蠹蛾的内外检疫和和田间控制提供了重要的参考。     

束纸法在果树害虫诱集和天敌保护中的作用

果树束纸对香梨优斑螟、苹果蠹蛾等下树化蛹的食心虫和李始叶螨、土耳其斯坦叶螨、山楂叶螨等下树越冬的害螨有很强的诱集作用，诱集效果80～90％，结合必要的诱杀方法，对降低果园害虫害螨基数十分有效，并且，果树束纸对天敌有重要的保护作用。     

中国小卷蛾族两新记录种(鳞翅目:卷蛾科)

描述了我国鳞翅目卷蛾科小卷蛾族的两新记录种－－落叶松小卷蛾[Cydia laricicolana (Kuznetsov 1960)]、林超小卷蛾（Pammene nemorosa Kuznetsov 1968）成虫的外部形态和解剖特征，生物学特性和地理分布。     

槐小卷蛾成虫和卵发生动态

槐小卷蛾是危害国槐、龙爪槐、五叶槐等的鳞翅目,卷蛾科害虫。本研究通过室内人工饲养和野外调查槐小卷蛾在山东东营的成虫和卵发生动态,结果显示：成虫发生盛期为5月下旬至6月中旬、7月中旬至8月上旬和8月下旬至9月上旬;卵发生盛期为5月28～30日、7月22～24日和8月26～28日。明确槐小卷蛾成虫和卵的发生期对预防及综合治理起到非常重要作用。     

Assessment of insecticide resistance in eggs and neonate larvae of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Spanish Cydia pomonella (L.) field populations have developed resistance to several insecticide groups. Diagnostic concentrations were established as the LC₉₀ calculated on a susceptible strain (S_Spain) for five and seven insecticides and tested on eggs and neonate larvae field populations, respectively. The three most relevant enzymatic detoxification systems (mixed-function oxidases (MFO), glutathione S-tranferases (GST) and esterases (EST)) were studied for neonate larvae.In eggs, 96% of the field populations showed a significantly lower efficacy when compared with the susceptible strain (S_Spain) and the most effective insecticides were fenoxycarb and thiacloprid. In neonate larvae, a significant loss of susceptibility to the insecticides was detected. Flufenoxuron, azinphos-methyl and phosmet showed the lowest efficacy, while lambda-cyhalothrin, alpha-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos-ethyl showed the highest. Biochemical assays showed that the most important enzymatic system involved in insecticide detoxification was MFO, with highest enzymatic activity ratios (5.1-16.6 for neonates from nine field populations). An enhanced GST and EST activities was detected in one field population, with enzymatic activity ratios of threefold and fivefold for GST and EST, respectively, when compared with the susceptible strain. The insecticide bioassays showed that the LC₉₀ used were effective as diagnostic concentrations. Measures of MFO activity alongside bioassays with insecticide diagnostic concentrations could be used as tools for monitoring insecticide resistance in neonate larvae of C. pomonella.     

苹果蠹蛾瞬时感受器离子通道基因的克隆及温度胁迫表达分析

瞬时感受器离子通道(transient receptor potential,TRP)是影响昆虫温度感知系统的关键组成。为探讨苹果蠹蛾温度感知和温度适应的机理,本研究以苹果蠹蛾Cydia pomonella为研究对象,通过分子克隆获得TRPA家族中的CpPainless和CpWater_witch基因,进行生物信息学分析,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析靶基因在高低温胁迫后的表达。结果表明,CpPainless基因编码938个氨基酸,N端有8个锚蛋白重复序列。CpWater_witch基因编码980个氨基酸,N端有10个锚蛋白重复序列,二者编码产物均有6个跨膜结构,具瞬时感受器离子通道家族成员结构典型特征。表达分析结果显示,和对照26℃相比,高低温胁迫1 h后,CpPainless在5龄幼虫雌虫体内的表达量显著下调,而5龄幼虫雄虫经低温胁迫1 h后CpPainless表达量显著上调,但高温胁迫1 h后表达差异不显著;CpWater_witch在雌雄虫体内均没有显著变化。研究结果为研究瞬时感受器离子通道在苹果蠹蛾温度感知中的作用奠定基础。     

甘肃河西走廊苹果蠹蛾种群遗传分化研究:基于COI基因序列分析

【目的】揭示河西走廊苹果蠹蛾不同地理种群间的联系,分析地理种群间的序列变异、遗传多样性和遗传分化。【方法】采用PCR和基因测序技术,扩增并分析了河西走廊8个地理种群132个苹果蠹蛾个体的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(COI)基因片段,应用DnaSP 5.10计算单倍型多样性指数(Hd)、核甘酸多样性指数(Pi)和Tajima’s D值,采用ZT软件包进行Mantel检验,分析种群间遗传距离与地理距离的相关性,利用软件Arlequin 3.11计算成对种群间的固定系数(Fst)。【结果】在获得的132条序列中共发现了8个变异位点和5个单倍型,其中3个单倍型为种群共享单倍型。总体单倍型多样性指数为0.578,种群内单倍型多样性为0.000~0.700。各种群的Tajima’s D值中性检验符合中性突变,说明河西走廊苹果蠹蛾在历史上没有出现群体扩张,群体大小稳定。Fst值表明,河西走廊苹果蠹蛾种群间具有一定程度的遗传分化,而各地理种群的遗传距离与地理距离无显著的相关性。【结论】河西走廊苹果蠹蛾遗传多样性较低,且地理种群间有一定程度的遗传分化。