有机生态型无土栽培基质浸提液对黄瓜种子 萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以黄瓜种子和幼苗为 试材,研究了栽培1 a、栽培2 a 和栽培3 a 的有机生态型无土栽培基质
的特性和基质浸提液对种子萌发及 幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：栽培3 a 较栽培1 a 的基质的 容重、持水
孔隙度、pH 值、EC 值都极显著增大,基质总孔 隙度和通气孔隙度都极显著降低;栽培3 a 后的基质浸提
液处理黄瓜种子和幼苗,种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数较对照极显著降低,幼苗主根长、胚
轴长、侧根数、上胚轴粗和下胚轴粗较对照极显著降低;幼苗株高、地上部鲜质量、地上部干质量较对照
极显著降低;幼苗地下部鲜质量和干质量较对照极显著增加;幼苗叶片的光合速率和水分利用率较对照极
显著降低;叶片气孔导度、胞间CO₂ 浓度和蒸腾速率较对照极显著增大;幼苗根冠比、G 值、叶绿素a 含量、
叶绿素b 含量、叶绿素（a+b）含量和叶绿素a/b 的值较栽培1 a 的基质浸提液处理极显著降低。因此,栽
培3 a 后,基质的特性和内含物不利于黄瓜种子的萌发和幼苗生长。     

我国黄瓜抗病品种选育技术研究进展

黄瓜在我国蔬菜产业中占有重要地位,然而连片种植、重茬栽培等条件下容易滋生病菌,尤其是随着我国保护地蔬菜生产规模的扩大,棚室内的温湿度条件更利于病害的发生与流行,黄瓜生产上面临着严重的病虫害威胁,包括生理性病害、感染性病害及虫害等。本文从抗病品种选育的角度分析了黄瓜病害抗病品种选育技术,并简要介绍了其他防治方法,展望了相关研究的发展方向,为黄瓜病虫害的防治提供参考。     

杂交稻对稻瘟病和稻白叶枯病的抗性鉴定

对广东省将推广的54份杂交稻组合对稻瘟病和白叶枯病的抗病性进行了鉴定。对稻瘟病的抗病性鉴定表明:抗病组合共49个,占90.7%;其中,高抗(抗性比≥91%)组合30个,占55.6%。对稻白叶枯病的抗病性鉴定表明:没有高抗(HR)和抗(R)的组合,仅有一个杂交稻组合(西胜2175)表现为中抗(mR),仅占1.9%,其余53个组合都表现感病,占98.1%。进一步分析表明:对稻瘟病表现高抗的30个杂交稻组合都不抗白叶枯病,而中抗白叶枯病的杂交稻组合西胜2175对稻瘟病表现为中抗,抗性比为74%。     

草莓褐色轮斑病病原鉴定及室内药效研究*

草莓褐色轮斑病近年越来越严重,尤其在草莓育苗阶段。从草莓发病叶片、匍匐茎上分离得到病原菌,对病原菌进行形态特征观察、生物学特性研究、ITS序列分析以及室内药效试验。结果表明：该病原菌为Sphaeronaemella fragariae。该菌菌丝生长最适温度范围是25～28 ℃;适宜pH为6;在供试的几种碳、氮源中,最适的碳源是蔗糖,最适的氮源是酵母浸出液。在供试的9种药剂中,以咪鲜胺1 000倍液对病菌的抑制作用最好。     

Germination of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gibberella zeae</Emphasis> ascospores as affected by age of spores after discharge and environmental factors

The effects of age of ascospores (0–18 days after discharge), photon flux density (0–494 mol m^–2 s^–1 PAR), temperature (4–30 °C), frost (–15 °C for 30 min), relative humidity (RH; 0–100%), pH (2.5–6.5) and dryness (0 and 53% RH for up to 40 min) on the germination of the ascospores of the mycotoxin-producing fungus Gibberella zeae (anamorph Fusarium graminearum) were studied. Freshly discharged ascospores germinated within 4 h at 20 °C and 100% RH. The rate of germination and the percentage of viable ascospores decreased over time after the spores were discharged from perithecia. The time course of ascospore germination was not significantly affected by photon flux density. The period of time required to obtain 50% germinated ascospores at 100% RH was 26.90 h at 4 °C, 10.40 h at 14 °C, 3.44 h at 20 °C and 3.31 h at 30 °C. There was no significant effect of frost on the percentage of viable ascospores. A small percentage (6.6 ± 3.8%) of the ascospores germinated at 53% RH. At RH 84% and 20 °C almost 100% of the freshly discharged ascospores germinated. The time course of ascospore germination was affected by pH. The maximum rate of ascospore germination was estimated to be at pH 3.76. Ascospores lost their ability to germinate following exposure to 0% RH almost instantaneously. No germinating spores were detected after an incubation period of 1 min at 0% RH. Incubating the ascospores at 53% RH decreased the percentage of viable spores from 93 to 6% within 10 min. The data demonstrate that age of spores, relative humidity, temperature and pH, but not photon flux density, are key factors in germination of G. zeae ascospores.     

秋水仙素处理对黄瓜生长发育及诱变效应研究

在室温条件下,用不同浓度（0,0.005%,0.2%,0.4%,0.8%）秋水仙素溶液分别处理露地黄瓜品种CU901干种子和萌动种子,观察秋水仙素对其生长发育的影响及其诱变效应。试验结果表明,以0.8%的秋水仙素液浸泡CU901萌动种子4h的诱变效果最好,染色体加倍率可达到7.27%。与原二倍体相比,同源四倍体的萌芽率降低,侧枝数减少,节间变短、变细,叶柄变短、变细,叶片变厚且颜色明显加深,叶面积增大,花器变大,果形指数减小,且秋水仙素浓度越高,效果越明显。四倍体花粉粒的大小不一,多数畸形,可染率显著降低。     

RGA法克隆NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源序列及其在葫芦科作物上应用的研究进展

RGA克隆法是利用抗病基因产物的保守结构域人工设计简并引物,以植物gDNA或cDNA为模板进行PCR扩增而克隆植物抗病基因同源序列的方法。随着各种植物基因组测序计划的完成及计算机和生物信息学的发展,植物抗病基因的克隆取得了很大进展,目前人们已经从植物中克隆得到100多个抗病基因。研究表明,大多数抗病基因都存在NBS-LRR、STK、LZ、TIR等功能保守的结构域,其中大部分都为NBS-LRR类型,利用NBS-LRR保守结构域设计PCR引物已经从植物中扩增出大量的RGA。简要综述了已克隆NBS-LRR类抗病基因的结构特点和功能、RGA法克隆NBS-LRR类抗病基因同源序列及其在葫芦科作物上应用的研究进展,并探讨其未来的发展与应用。     

2013~2015年黑龙江省马铃薯晚疫病菌群体结构研究

为明确马铃薯北方一季作区致病疫霉对烯酰吗啉和双炔酰菌胺的敏感性时空动态及常用药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防效,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了2011—2019年采自河北、内蒙古和吉林3省 (区) 马铃薯主产区的922个致病疫霉菌株对烯酰吗啉和双炔酰菌胺的敏感性,采用茎叶喷雾法于2018年和2019年评估了烯酰吗啉和双炔酰菌胺等7种杀菌剂在推荐剂量下对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防效。结果表明：在时间上,不同年份采集的922株致病疫霉对烯酰吗啉的抗性频率和抗性指数分别为25.71%~100%和0.31~0.50;890株致病疫霉对双炔酰菌胺的抗性频率为0~1.43%,仅于2013年检测到抗性菌株,历年抗性指数均为0.25。在地域上,3省 (区) 致病疫霉菌株对烯酰吗啉的抗性频率和抗性指数分别为57.19%~66.56%和0.39~0.42;对双炔酰菌胺的抗性频率为0~0.36%,抗性指数均为0.25。田间药效试验结果显示：50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂 (有效成分,下同) 300.0 g/hm²对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果 (83.3%~85.6%) 高于23.4%双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂140.4 g/hm²的防治效果 (76.9%~78.6%) 和50%氟醚菌酰胺水分散粒剂75.0 g/hm²的防治效果 (70.0%~71.4%)。20%霜脲氰悬浮剂162.0 g/hm²、40%氟醚菌酰胺 • 烯酰吗啉悬浮剂240.0 g/hm²、43%霜脲氰 • 双炔酰菌胺水分散粒剂290.3 g/hm²和687.5 g/L氟吡菌胺 • 霜霉威盐酸盐悬浮剂773.4 g/hm²对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果为79.8%~86.9%。为此,推荐烯酰吗啉单剂或混剂及双炔酰菌胺混剂在河北、内蒙古和吉林3省 (区) 继续用于马铃薯晚疫病的防治,但是需密切监测致病疫霉对烯酰吗啉和双炔酰菌胺的敏感性变化并注意与不同作用机理的杀菌剂混用或者交替使用。     

Perspectives on the specific targeting of Fusarium graminearum for the development of alternative head blight treatment approaches

Diseases of agricultural crops caused by fungi have devastating economic and health effects. Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the most damaging diseases of wheat and other small grain cereals. FHB reduces agricultural yield while also affecting food supply and safety through deposition of toxins (mycotoxins/phytotoxins). Control of FHB growth and toxin accumulation in grains remain major challenges. While the ultimate goal in the battle against FHB is the development of resistant wheat varieties, the actual use of fully resistant plants that preclude any need for treatment with fungicides remains out of sight. Current antifungals being applied against FHB are generally azole‐based inhibitors. However, usage of these azole‐based fungicides is being complicated by the facts that these are active only during specific short‐lived developmental time periods, fungi are developing increased resistance to them and they are having significant environmental impacts. As such, there is a great need for more targeted, specific and effective antifungal agents to address the significant threat of FHB. This review provides an overview of some of the more promising fungal targets that are currently being investigated for antifungal development.     

放线菌对番茄灰霉病和早疫病的拮抗作用研究

在室内对峙培养的基础上,对接种放线菌F的盆栽番茄植株接种早疫病A1、灰霉病菌B1进行田间抗性鉴定.结果表明:F菌株对2种靶标真菌均有一定的抑制作用.接种F A1、F B1的番茄植株,病情指数要明显低于对照,差异极显著.接种放线茵表现为不同程度的发病症状,且生长势差.接种生防菌真菌F对番茄PPO、POD具有一定诱导作用,在"放线菌-病原菌"双菌体系中对番茄叶片MDA含量有明显的抑制作用,双茵处理的番茄叶片、茎MDA含量明显低于单接番茄病原菌处理.