Urban permeability for birds: An approach combining mobbing-call experiments and circuit theory

The urban matrix was recently shown to be a mosaic of heterogeneous dispersal habitats. We conducted a playback experiment of mobbing calls to examine the probabilities of forest birds to cross a distance of 50 m over urban matrix with different land-cover types in an urban area. We treated the reciprocal of the crossing probabilities as a movement resistance for forest birds. We drew resistance surfaces based on the land-cover maps of urban Sapporo. We applied a circuit theory to examine the relative role of a detour route consisting of a riparian corridor and urban matrix for dispersing forest bird individuals from continuous forest to an isolated green space in the midst of an urban area. Our results showed that wood cover had the highest crossing probability, while open land (grassland and pavement) had the lowest probabilities. Buildings and water surface displayed an intermediate probability. Resistance surfaces and flow maps at 25- and 50-m resolutions were very similar and suggested that dispersing individuals are likely to use the intervening building areas that dominate the urban matrix rather than detour through riparian corridors. Our results showed the useful combination of experimental approaches and circuit theory, and the importance of the spatial configuration of corridors, as well as the composition and management of dispersal habitats, to landscape connectivity.     

不同紫花苜蓿品种在河西走廊盐碱地的适应性研究

通过田间试验测定不同紫花苜蓿品种的株高、分枝数、茎叶比、生物量、出苗率和越冬率,评价16个紫花苜蓿品种在河西走廊盐碱地的适应性,遴选出适宜河西走廊盐碱地种植的紫花苜蓿品种。结果表明:参试的16个紫花苜蓿品种,骑士T、SR4030和巨能的出苗率较高,甘农3号的出苗率最低;16个紫花苜蓿品种间株高差异不显著(P0.05);BR4010、WL343HQ、阿迪娜、亮苜2号和WL363HQ的分枝数显著大于标靶和金皇后的分枝数;岩石和德宝的叶茎比显著高于金皇后和骑士3的叶茎比;德宝、亮苜2号和骑士T的产量大于其他品种;亮苜2号和骑士3的越冬率显著高于甘农3号和SR4030的越冬率;阿迪娜和WL343HQ的倒伏率最小,骑士T和标靶的倒伏率最大。以株高、分枝数、茎叶比、生物量、出苗率和越冬率为变量因子,通过聚类分析将16个紫花苜蓿品种聚为6类,综合评判结果认为,亮苜2号、骑士T、德宝适宜种植于河西走廊盐碱地。     

河西生态林业建设成就、问题及对策

论述了生态林及林业可持续发展的概念，总结了甘肃河西生态林业40多年建设成就，针对河生态林业可持续发展中所存在的问题，提出了生态林业可持续发展的对策。     

Causes of Sandstorm Disaster and Strategies against Desertification——A Case Study of Hexi Corridor in Northwest China

This case study outlines the problems faced by the peoples of the Hexi Corridor. These problems are serious and urgent, and are representative of those faced by other communities right across western China. The root causes are outlined and some remedies are suggested. The practical measures proposed under China's National Action Plan to Combat Desertification are described and discussed.     

河西走廊盐渍化沙区综合治理模式研究

针对河西盐渍化沙区的特点,在沙区采用沙障固定流沙、封沙育林育草、营造固沙阻沙林、建立防护林带的固、封、阻、带结合的沙区治理模式,在盐渍化区采用物理改良措施、种植耐盐植物生物改良措施、发展畜牧养地改碱的改、种、养结合的盐渍化土地治理模式,使沙区盐渍化土地综合治理取得显著的生态、经济效益。     

Connectivity of reef fish between mangroves and coral reefs: Algorithms for the design of marine reserves at seascape scales

Many species of coral reef fish undertake ontogenetic migrations between seagrass beds, mangroves, and coral reefs. A recent study from the Caribbean found that the availability of mangrove nursery habitat had a striking impact on the community structure and biomass of reef fish in their adult, coral reef habitat. The biomass of several species more than doubled when the reefs were connected to rich mangrove resources (defined as having at least 70 km of fringing Rhizophora mangle within a region of 200 km²). Here, the results of this large-scale empirical study are translated into a series of algorithms for use in natural resource management planning. Four algorithms are described that identify (i) the relative importance of mangrove nursery sites, (ii) the connectivity of individual reefs to mangrove nurseries, (iii) areas of nursery habitat that have an unusually large importance to specific reefs, and (iv) priority sites for mangrove reforestation projects. The algorithms generate a connectivity matrix among mangroves and coral reefs that facilitates the identification of connected corridors of habitats within a dynamic planning environment (e.g., reserve selection algorithms).     

绿洲灌区固定道耕作对土壤盐分动态的影响

解决节水灌溉与控制土壤次生盐渍化的矛盾,对干旱内陆绿洲灌区农田节水、防止土壤次生盐渍化和保证绿洲农业稳定持续发展具有重要意义。本研究以传统翻耕(CT)、垄作沟灌(FRB)、固定道保护性耕作(PRB)和固定道平作(ZT)4种耕作方式为研究对象,研究了固定道耕作模式下的土壤盐分特征。结果表明:与播前相比,收获后FRB处理0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm和60~100 cm土层土壤含盐量分别提高83.3%、77.2%、47.6%和84.0%,PRB处理分别提高62.6%、46.3%、28.2%和103.6%。ZT和CT处理0~200 cm土壤含盐量呈"脱盐"和"聚盐"交替变化趋势,0~60 cm各土层土壤含盐量随灌水显著降低,而60~200 cm各土层土壤含盐量随灌水显著增加。0~20 cm、20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层是PRB和FRB处理土壤盐分的主要累积区,ZT和CT处理土壤含盐量随灌水最终积累在100~160 cm土层。从头水后至收获各个时期,PRB处理0~200 cm各土层土壤含盐量均高于FRB处理,且差异显著。ZT处理0~20 cm、20~40 cm、40~60 cm和60~100 cm土层土壤含盐量均显著高于CT处理。垄床不同位置土壤盐分运动水平方向上均呈"垄边向垄中"迁移特点,但PRB处理迁移能力强于FRB处理。垂直方向上,FRB处理在土壤60~80 cm处形成积盐峰,而PRB处理在土壤40~60 cm处形成积盐峰。随灌溉水分入渗再分布后FRB处理土壤盐分向垄沟中部和垄床表层迁移,PRB处理土壤盐分在垄床40~60 cm土层处形成一个积盐层。结果说明,垄作方式能显著增加土壤剖面盐分累积。随着垄作年限增加,盐分向垄床中部积累的能力和含量均增强,由此垄作种植应考虑适时漫灌以达到淋洗土壤盐分的目的。     

河西走廊草原生态置换条件和潜力及对策研究

本文从草原面积、产草量、水资源、草原灾害发生频率、草地质量方面,分析了河西走廊草原生态置换的必要性,以及河西走廊具有发展草地农业条件优越、牧业现代化程度较高、牧区自然资源丰富、城乡一体化基础较好等进行草原生态置换的条件和潜力。提出了河西走廊草原生态置换的对策:即养殖方式舍饲化、牧民生活定居化、经济增长工业化、牧业经营产业化、公共服务社会化。     

河西走廊中部近53年降水变化及未来趋势预测

利用位于河西走廊中部的6个气象站1957-2009年的降水资料,分析近53年降水量年际年代际变化、季节变化、空间变化、各月变化.在分析降水量历史演变的基础上,利用均生函数方法建立了河西走廊中部降水量的预测模型.结果表明:近53年该地区降水量以4.75 mm/10 a的速度在递增,20世纪80-90年代前期降水量出现下降...     

黑龙江省伊春地区农村住宅中廊的作用解析

通过对黑龙江省伊春地区农村住宅的实际调研,结合了地域特殊的气候情况,分析了住宅的平面布置,从而进一步对廊这一功能空间在农村住宅中的作用进行论述.