Thirty years of change and the future of Alaskan fisheries: Shifts in fishing participation and diversification in response to environmental,regulatory and economic pressures

Heterogeneity in human responses and decision‐making can contribute to the resilience of social–ecological systems in the face of environmental, political and economic pressures. In fishery systems worldwide, the ability of harvesters to maintain a diverse portfolio of fishing strategies is important for building adaptive capacity. We used a case‐study approach to examine the complexity of factors that inhibit or promote diversification in fisheries of Alaska, one of the major fishing regions of the world. Through a combination of harvest records and literature review, we explored shifts in participation and portfolio diversity in Alaskan fisheries over three decades. The four case‐studies examined the responses of fishers, fleets and communities to multiple, intersecting pressures, including biological declines, market and price dynamics, fishery privatization and the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. These cases illustrate how stressors acting at multiple scales can encourage or constrain opportunities for diversification, and that these opportunities may be spread inequitably across participants. Overall, we found evidence for reduced participation and increasing specialization in Alaskan commercial fisheries. While numerous factors explain these trends, policies like individual quota systems and the increasing cost of entry into fisheries are forcing consolidation at local to regional scales. A portfolio approach to managing fisheries that reduces barriers to diversification and includes broad representation of resource users and communities in management may help to maintain opportunity and choice for fishers.     

岗更湖鲫的生长和生活史对策研究

2008年5～9月于岗更湖取得803尾鲫标本,研究了其生长及生活史类型.用鳞片鉴定年龄,鳞径(R)和体长(L)的关系为L=3.667R-1.737;用特殊von Bertalanffy生长方程、一般von Bertalanffy生长方程、Gompertz生长方程和灰色动态生长模型共4种生长模型拟合了岗更湖鲫的生长,根据各模型拟合残差平方和的大小判断,特殊von Bertalanffy生长方程拟合效果最好;根据r-选择和k-选择的典型特征及7个生态学参数值,判断出岗更湖鲫偏向r-选择,应用平衡产量模式计算改变瞬时捕捞死亡率(F)和渔业补充年龄(tc)对应的产量变化,同样证实岗更湖鲫偏向r-选择.作为渔业管理对策,岗更湖鲫的捕捞年龄应在3龄以上,捕捞强度不应超过2.0.     

桃树养分管理研究进展与展望

从桃树营养需求规律、大中微量元素施肥与桃树生长和抗逆性的关系、适宜桃树施用的肥料和桃树的营养状况诊断等方面,简要综述了国内外近年来的研究现状和进展情况,分析了中国桃树营养管理中存在的主要问题,对今后桃树营养的研究方向和管理策略进行了初步探讨与展望.     

北海市瓜菜大棚设施栽培现状与发展对策

从规模、新技术应用、栽培模式、效益等方面阐述了北海市瓜幕大棚设施栽培的现状,同时分析了存在的问题,并针对现状和存在的问题提出了政策扶持、创建品牌、强化培训、加大投入和加强产品质量检测等发展对策,旨在促进大棚设施栽培产业的健康可持续发展.     

Interactions between fishing strategies of Nephrops trawlers in the Bay of Biscay and Norway lobster diel activity patterns

Abstract  Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.), in the Bay of Biscay exhibited diel activity patterns with more individuals outside their burrows at dawn and dusk, increasing catchability at these times. Data from an on board observer programme on Nephrops trawlers between 2002 and 2005 were used to assess variability in catchability in commercial catches. Catch numbers per haul varied spatially and between months, but no signal for diel variations was found. Fishing strategies developed by the Nephrops trawlers had several components. On a seasonal level, they started around sunrise. On a haul level, haul duration decreased from haul to haul, with the longest hauls taking place at the time of the highest catchability. By-catch of hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.), increased more than proportionally with haul duration.     

中国天然橡胶“走出去”发展存在的问题与对策分析

对海南、广东、云南三大天然橡胶产区"走出去"发展进行对比分析,了解三大产区"走出去"发展的现状和存在的问题,并基于这些问题提出一些相关的政策建议。     

京郊休闲型家庭农场发展创新策略及保障机制

北京郊区具备发展休闲型家庭农场的多种条件,可以通过理性规划,准确定位;注入农耕文化,融于体验;塑造品牌,注重营销的创新发展策略来展开。在此基础上,政府应通过加强引导,提供各种政策保障;调整发展思路,促进农场区域化发展;建立休闲型农场专门人才的培养机制,提升农场主文化与经营水平等一系列保障机制来实现。     

黄灯笼辣椒核心种质资源比较构建研究

核心种质的构建为种质资源的研究和有效利用提供了便利条件。以146份黄灯笼辣椒种质资源为试验材料,基于10个性状表型数据,采用混合线性模型分析方法无偏地预测基因型值,利用马氏距离计算种质间的遗传距离,分别采用2种取样方法（随机取样法和优先取样法）,2种聚类方法（离差平方和法和类平均法）,按照30％的抽样比率构建黄灯笼辣椒核心种质库。采用均值、方差、极差和变异系数4个指标评价不同取样方法和聚类方法构建核心种质库的优劣。试验结果表明,优先取样法优于随机取样法,类平均法优于离差平方和法。基于马氏距离、优先取样法、类平均法获取的43份黄灯笼椒核心资源能够代表原群体的遗传多样性。     

基于专用性投资优化的BPO触发策略契约设计

为解决业务流程外包(BPO)中的套牢问题,结合触发策略设计与构建了业务流程外包触发策略契约,并利用反向归纳法进行了算法推导与论证。算例结果表明,业务流程外包触发策略契约下的专用性投资水平、整体收益和接发包商收益都有所提高。触发策略契约能更有效地解决业务流程外包中的套牢问题,优化专用性资产投资水平,达到帕累托改进。     

国内节水灌溉技术的应用现状及发展策略

针对节水灌溉技术在中国的应用现状及水资源贫乏,结合发达国家在节水灌溉上先进的软硬件措施,阐述了节水灌溉技术的应用现状及发展策略与措施.