伐区作业类型划分与集材作业系统相适应性的研究

本应用模糊聚类分析方法,选取作业区坡度、单位面积出材量、集材距离以及地表承载能力等作为因子,对吉林林区伐区作业类型进行了区划。又应用层次分析法,对与每类伐区相适应的集材作用系统进行系统分析。     

国内巨蜥的研究现状

由于人类的乱捕滥猎和巨蜥栖息地的改变，造成巨蜥数量急剧减少。一般认为国内存在2种巨蜥，即Varanus salvator和Varanus bengalensis bengalensis，主要分布于云南、广西、海南和广东四省。巨蜥的生境多位于热带或亚热带的河流附近或沿海河口一带。穴居，且具有爬树和游泳能力。其食物十分广泛，包括小型哺乳类（如啮齿类）、鸟类、两栖爬行类（蛇、蜥蜴、小龟、蛙）、鱼和一些无脊椎动物（蟹、虾、昆虫）。其捕食方式为公开追击方式（open-pursuit）。春季和夏季是巨蜥发情交配和产卵的季节。人工条件下，巨蜥卵的孵化时间约为7个月左右。当前巨蜥保护工作的首要任务，是迅速查明国内巨蜥的种类、分布、野外种群数量及其致危因子等信息，这将是制定有效的巨蜥保护策略的基础。     

Land Use – Land Cover Conversion, Regeneration and Degradation in the High Elevation Bolivian Andes

Regional land-cover change affects biodiversity, hydrology, and biogeochemical cycles at local, watershed, and landscape scales. Developing countries are experiencing rapid land cover change, but assessment is often restricted by limited financial resources, accessibility, and historical data. The assessment of regional land cover patterns is often the first step in developing conservation and management plans. This study used remotely sensed land cover and topographic data (Landsat and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), supervised classification techniques, and spectral mixture analysis to characterize current landscape patterns and quantify land cover change from 1985 to 2003 in the Altiplano (2535–4671 m) and Intermediate Valley (Mountain) (1491–4623 m) physiographic zones in the Southeastern Bolivian Andes. Current land cover was mapped into six classes with an overall accuracy of 88% using traditional classification techniques and limited field data. The land cover change analysis showed that extensive deforestation, desertification, and agricultural expansion at a regional scale occurred in the last 20 years (17.3% of the Mountain Zone and 7.2% of the Altiplano). Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) indicated that communal rangeland degradation has also occurred, with increases in soil and non-photosynthetic vegetation fractions in most cover classes. SMA also identified local areas with intensive management activities that are changing differently from the overall region (e.g., localized areas of increased green vegetation). This indicates that actions of local communities, governments, and environmental managers can moderate the potentially severe future changes implied by the results of this study.     

基于DTA山体部位分类决策方案的改进与微观地形自动分类研究

在数字地形分析DTA的理论体系框架下,研究了微观地形分类的体系、方法,认为Dragut等在2004年提出的山体部位分类决策方案割裂了微观地形表达上的同一性,仅以曲率或坡度划分不同的山体部位容易形成重叠。以土壤侵蚀研究中的临界坡度值为参考改进了Dragut等提出的山体部位分类决策方案。提出了基于栅格DEM和DTA技术实现微观地貌形态分类的关键技术在于提取地形地貌因子和制定合理的分类决策方案。并以黄土高原的局部DEM为数据源,以改进的山体部位分类决策方案为应用参考,在DTA技术支撑下进行了微观地形自动分类的试验研究。结果表明,以栅格DEM为数据,基于DTA技术提取相关微观地形地貌因子,形成合理的分类决策方案就可以实现微观地形地貌的自动划分。     

核桃种质资源与分类方法研究初报

本文阐述了陕西核桃的起源、历史和种质资源,并对搜集到的138份核桃种质材料进行了系统观察和研究。根据核桃生产的现状和核桃的主要特征与特性,提出了我国核桃的分类方法和标准,并阐述了分类的依据。     

绵羊骨代谢相关基因VDR密码子偏好性分析

【目的】明确绵羊维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR)基因密码子的使用特征,探究不同物种VDR基因进化规律,为骨代谢等相关疾病动物建模提供参考依据。【方法】利用CodonW、EMBOSS、Usage Codon和DNAMAN等软件对VDR基因CDS区的同义密码子相对使用度(RSCU)、密码子碱基含量、有效密码子数(ENc)及密码子偏好指数(CBI)等参数进行统计分析,并在多物种间进行比较,同时利用ENc-Plot关联分析和中性绘图等方法分析VDR基因密码子偏好性使用的主要影响因素,并基于多物种同义密码子相对使用度数据与系统进化聚类分析探究密码子使用模式与生物进化的内在联系。【结果】绵羊VDR基因中有23个偏好使用以G/C结尾的密码子;大猩猩、鸸鹋、褐家鼠等其他14个物种在密码子使用上表现出了与之较为相似的特征,而在半胱氨酸、甘氨酸、组氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸等个别氨基酸编码时,鸸鹋、褐家鼠和麻雀等部分物种显现出独有特点;ENc-Plot绘图和中性绘图分析显示,选择压力对VDR基因密码子偏好性的影响强于突变压力。【结论】以G/C结尾的密码子为VDR基因优势密码子,自然选择是导致其偏好性的主要力量,密码子偏好使用存在物种特异性,并与物种亲缘关系进化存在关联性。     

香花枇杷质体基因组序列密码子偏性分析

选取香花枇杷质体基因组进行密码子使用偏好性的生物信息学分析,用于理解其密码子使用偏性的主要原因,为今后该属植物基因的进化、起源以及转化体系中载体构建等方面研究提供借鉴。利用Codon W 1.4.2、SPSS statistics 17.0、Excel 2016和cusp等软件对筛选出的37条基因编码序列密码子进行最优密码子分析、中性绘图分析、ENC-plot和PR2-plot绘图分析。结果表明,ENC平均值为47.02;GC₃与GC₁、GC₂的相关性均不显著;GC_all为39.08%,GC₁（48.79%）>GC₂（40.18 %）>GC₃（28.44%）;RSCU>1的29个密码子中有28个以A或U结尾;PR2-plot绘图分析显示多数位点偏离中心,落于左下方位置;确定了UUU、UUG、CUU等15个最优密码子。香花枇杷叶绿体基因组中,同义密码子的使用偏性较弱（47.02）;密码子的第1、 2位碱基组成比较相似,但均不同于第3位;整体A、U含量大于C、G,末位碱基以A、U为主,且嘧啶的使用频率高于嘌呤;香花枇杷叶绿体基因组密码子的使用模式主要受到选择、突变的和其他因素的综合作用影响。     

Stewardship as a Path to Cooperation? Exploring the Role of Identity in Intergroup Conflict Among Michigan Wolf Stakeholders

Post-recovery wolf management remains controversial. In Michigan, dialogue centers on hunting wolves but controversy may be more nuanced than simple pro- or anti-hunting positions. Social identity may cause stakeholders to organize in groups and identity differences may be driving controversy. To explore stakeholder disagreement over wolf management, we conducted semi-structured key informant interviews (n = 21) about identity and stewardship in August–September 2012. Four overarching identity themes emerged regarding: (a) management objectives, (b) focal levels, (c) control methods, and (d) justifications for methods. Themes indicated two main researcher-defined identity groups. Interviewees from both groups identified six common stewardship themes: (a) bequest values, (b) ecosystem health, (c) education, (d) existence values, (e) pride in natural resources, and (f) sustainability. Findings suggest stakeholders may be conflicting over opposing identities vis-à-vis organization affiliation, which may be related to what management strategies individuals oppose. Establishing common stewardship objectives through established participation methods may help alleviate controversy.     

Degradation of the crocodile population in the Olifants River Gorge of Kruger National Park,South Africa

• 1. Top predators such as crocodiles often reflect ecosystem degradation. The recent spate of close to 200 Nile crocodile deaths may reflect the ecosystem state of the Olifants–Letaba River system in the Kruger National Park. This paper investigates whether the crocodile deaths were indeed the consequence of a rare and perhaps acute event given the variability in annual population growth rates of crocodilians.
• 2. Spotlight‐ and helicopter‐based surveys designed to correct for availability and detectability bias were used to estimate population sizes of crocodiles from 2008 to 2010 in and around the Olifants River Gorge, the focal area of crocodile deaths.
• 3. Correction factors derived from individually observed crocodiles for both spotlight‐ and helicopter‐based counts were lower than those typically used for Nile crocodiles as well as other crocodile species. Even so, corrected spotlight‐ and helicopter‐based estimates were comparable and the number of crocodiles in the focal study area declined significantly from 780 (95% CI: 637–1222) to between 460 (spotlight estimate, 95% CI 375–665) and 505 (aerial estimate, 95% CI: 559–1746) during the period of crocodile deaths. The average annual decline of 35% was at the lower end of the distribution of annual population growth rates across the rivers of Kruger National Park.
• 4. The crocodile deaths reflect a possible rare event that suggests a degraded crocodile population, possibly the consequences of broad‐scale cascades of environmental deterioration of the Olifants–Letaba River system.
• 5. Even so, the potential risk of local demise of the population in the focal study area in the short term may be diminished through evolutionary, demographic and spatial resilience inherent within crocodiles that can accommodate the as yet unknown disease dynamics of pansteatitis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.