Residential movements of top predators in Chile’s most isolated marine protected area: Implications for the conservation of the Galapagos shark,Carcharhinus galapagensis,and the yellowtail amberjack,Seriola lalandi

1. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are becoming a widely used tool for the conservation of biodiversity and for fishery management; however, most of these areas are designed without prior knowledge of the basic ecological aspects of the species that they are trying to protect.
2. This study investigated the movement of two top predators: the Galapagos shark, Carcharhinus galapagensis, and the yellowtail amberjack, Seriola lalandi, in and around the Motu Motiro Hiva Marine Park (MMHMP) using MiniPAT satellite tags to determine the effectiveness of this MPA for the protection of these species.
3. The Galapagos sharks (n = 4) spent most of their tag deployment periods inside the MMHMP. However, high intraspecific variability was observed in their movement dynamics. Daily individual maximum movements ranged from 17 to 58 km and the maximum distance from Salas y Gómez Island, the only emergent island within the MMHMP, ranged from 31 to 139 km.
4. The maximum linear distance travelled for a female juvenile Galapagos shark (152 cm total length) was 236 km, which is greater than the maximum distance previously documented for juveniles of this species (<50 km).
5. For the yellowtail amberjack (n = 1), 91% of the satellite geolocations were within the MMHMP, with a maximum daily distance travelled of 6 km. The maximum distance travelled between points was 111 km and the maximum distance from Salas y Gómez Island was 62 km.
6. All archival tagged fish spent most of their time at depths of <50 m and never left the epipelagic zone. Daytime versus night-time differences were pronounced in all individuals but showed high interindividual variability.
7. This study provides a baseline on the movement of these two top predators in the MMHMP and provides valuable insights for the creation of MPAs in the region and elsewhere.

     

Seasonal spatial distribution of juvenile lake sturgeon in Muskegon Lake,Michigan, USA

We examined seasonal spatial distribution and diel movements of juvenile lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in Muskegon Lake, Michigan (a protected, drowned river mouth lake that links the Muskegon River to Lake Michigan). We surgically implanted ultrasonic tags in 20 juveniles (age 1–7) captured in gill nets to track their locations during August–December 2008/2009 and September 2010–October 2011. Most juveniles were observed ≤1.5 km from the mouth of the Muskegon River in Muskegon Lake at a mean depth of 7.5 m (SE = 1.3 m) during summer. In fall, juveniles moved away from the river mouth to the deepest part of Muskegon Lake and were observed at a mean depth of 15.8 m (SE = 1.3 m) during winter. The shift in spatial distribution coincided with fall turnover (i.e., loss of thermal stratification) and with changes in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in the hypolimnion. During summer, DO concentrations in the hypolimnion were typically <4 mg·l^?1 in the deepest part of Muskegon Lake and DO concentrations at locations of tagged lake sturgeon were >7 mg·l^?1 in 94% of instances. Tracking in 2009 revealed no significant change in depth distribution or movement over the diel cycle. We only observed two tagged juveniles immigrating to Lake Michigan, suggesting that juveniles use Muskegon Lake for multiple years. Our results suggest that: (i) Muskegon Lake serves as an important nursery habitat for juvenile lake sturgeon that hatched in the Muskegon River before they enter Lake Michigan and (ii) seasonal changes in DO concentration in the hypolimnion likely affect the spatial distribution of juveniles in Muskegon Lake.     

牛僧孺散文创作及其与唐代古文运动的关系

牛僧孺是中晚唐著名的政治家和文学家,现存政论文、碑志文、寓言、诗歌、传奇等。政论文宣扬哲学思想和政治观点,结构缜密,富有思辨色彩;寓言注重事物的细致描摹和寓意的自然生发,庄谐兼有、寓意深刻;碑志文奇偶交错、古雅简练,但是,这些作品并未得到应有重视。本文通过分析牛僧孺的散文作品,综述他在党争活动之外的古文观点、散文创作活动,尤其与韩愈、柳宗元等古文家的密切关系,由此评价他在唐代古文运动中的地位。     

Residency and movement of stream-dwelling Japanese charr, Salvelinus leucomaenis, in a central Japanese mountain stream

Abstract – The residency and movement of stream-dwelling adult (2+ and older) Japanese charr, Salvelinus leucomaenis , were studied by mark and recapture experiments in the Jadani Stream, a headwater tributary of the Tedori River, central Japan, from 1986 to 1989. Of the marked fish, 31.3–58.3% were recaptured in the same pools where they had been caught during the study periods of summer (June–August), autumn (August–November) and winter–spring (November to the next June) and no seasonal movement was observed. The mean distances that the fish moved during the study periods ranged from 139.0 to 502.3 m and many movements longer than 1000 m were observed. Between the resident and the moved fish, there was little difference in body length, growth rate or sex. For the fish that had been resident in the same pools and riffles at previous recaptures, most fish were recaptures in the same locations at the next recapture. Conversely, for the fish that moved previously, most fish were recaptured in different locations from previous sites at the next recapture. These results suggest that Japanese charr exhibit relatively high residency throughout the year, but many fish moved longer distance. The results also suggest the presence of static and mobile components in the charr population.     

A method for the attachment of miniature radio tags to small fish

Abstract An attachment technique which gives good tag retention, minimal damage to fish and prevents entanglement with weed is described. Fish carrying transmitters were monitored in semi-natural conditions and appeared to exhibit the same behaviour as untagged fish. Median condition factors of dummy-tagged fish did not differ from those of untagged fish over a 10-week period. Examples of movement patterns obtained using radio tags attached to dace, Leuciscus leuciscus (L.) are given.     

地区竞争与政府改制

分权化改革导致了地区间的竞争,地区间竞争有利于市场化,资源市场化流动在部分地区内可以促使政府改制的出现。但资源市场化流动还取决于其他客观条件,对于资源行政化流动和客观条件落后吸引不到资源的地区,政府则没有改制的动力,这解释了现实中改制与否两种情况并存的局面,而通过财政转移支付改进落后地区客观条件具有促进当地政府改制的作用。     

双氯醇胺对山羊胃肠电活动及运动的影响

采用在瘤胃背囊、皱胃幽门部和十二指肠近端安装有双极胃肠电极及应力传感器的土种公山羊 5头 ,按自身对照设计 ,研究了双氯醇胺对山羊胃肠电活动及运动的影响。结果表明 ,β 激动剂双氯醇胺在功能上有与肾上腺素相似的作用 ,即可直接或间接地抑制山羊胃肠道电活动和运动。与对照期相比 ,给山羊皮下注射双氯醇胺后 ,其瘤胃背囊、皱胃幽门部及十二指肠近端的快、慢波电位振幅显著降低 (p <0 0 5) ,瘤胃运动的应力波值极显著减小 (p <0 0 1) ,但快、慢波频率无明显变化。瘤胃运动的应力波值与瘤胃快波电位振幅以及应力波延续时间与快波峰电位数间呈强正相关 (R值分别为 0 94± 0 32和 0 85± 0 2 7)。体外试验结果亦显示 ,双氯醇胺可使离体十二指肠段的快、慢波电位振幅减小 ,张力波值大幅度下降 ,张力曲线变得平滑     

磷在棕壤中淋溶迁移特征研究

采用室内土柱淋溶模拟试验，研究相当于一年降雨条件下磷肥在棕壤土垂直方向上的淋溶迁移特征及鸡粪、秸秆对磷素迁移转化的影响。结果表明：土壤施肥量与速效磷、迟效态磷增加量呈极显著正相关。相关系数分别是0．99141。，0．99774；水溶性磷、Al—P与土壤速效磷相关性最好，相关系数分别达0．972和0．926，2500mg／kg鸡粪与25mg／kg磷肥配施能降低磷淋溶率，并能极显著提高土壤中速效磷的增加量，相当于单施50mg／kg的磷肥；秸秆与磷肥配合施用在短期内对土壤磷素的有效性影响不大，但可以减少磷素向下层迁移。     

冻融条件下土壤中水盐运移机理探讨

土壤冻融过程中的水盐运动是冻土学研究的基本问题之一。在土壤冻融过程中,存在着水分和盐分的2次迁移过程,形成了特殊的水盐运动规律。土壤冻结过程中盐分的运动非常复杂,受土壤类型、土壤初始含水量、土壤溶液浓度、盐分组成以及冻结生成的温度、热梯度、冻结速度、冻结方向等因素影响,其迁移结果最终是上述各因素共同作用的结果。温度是导致土壤中水分迁移的驱动力,土壤冻结引起冻结带土水势降低,导致水分不断向冻层迁移,随着水分向冻层聚集,冻层以下土层中的盐分同步向上运移,整个冻层的土壤含盐量明显增加。在融化过程中,随着地表蒸发逐渐强烈,使冻结过程中累积于冻结层中的盐分,转而向地表强烈聚集,使表层的盐分含量急剧上升。     

土壤盐渍化的监测和预报研究

本文采用田间观测和数值模拟相结合的方法，对改造后的重盐碱试验地的水盐动态连续三年进行了监测和预报研究。在田间，监测了地下水的水位和矿化度、土壤盐分和水分、降雨和农田蒸散量等参数，同时针对现场试验条件进行数值模拟。在土壤盐分输运模型中，考虑动水不动水概念和吸附作用，在解水分运动方程时采用了更合理的改进型Ｐｉｃａｒｄ迭代差分法。研究表明，在当前的自然因素和农耕活动中，试验地土壤中的盐分达到动态平衡，不