玉米苗期叶片主要生理生化指标对土壤水分的响应

以玉米品种龙单57为试验材料,通过人为供水和自然耗水相结合的方法获得多级土壤水分梯度,探究其生理生化指标(叶绿素、脯氨酸、可溶性糖及丙二醛)对土壤水分的响应规律。结果表明,玉米叶绿素含量对土壤水分(SWC)的变化具有阈值响应,维持玉米叶片叶绿素含量较高水平的SWC范围在15.2%～25.6%,相对含水量(RWC)为51.6%～87.2%,SWC在20.4%左右是对玉米叶片叶绿素含量有效性最高的土壤水分。随着水分胁迫程度的增加,脯氨酸累积量和可溶性糖含量总体上均呈现上升趋势,表明脯氨酸和可溶性糖为玉米的主要渗透调节物质,但在不同的水分条件下,增加的幅度有所差异。丙二醛含量随着土壤含水量的减少呈现先减少后增多的趋势,SWC>17%时丙二醛的含量变化不明显,SWC<17%时丙二醛的含量随着水分胁迫程度的加重急剧上升,叶片质膜膜脂过氧化作用也随之加剧。     

Four eremophilane sesquiterpenes from the mangrove endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. BL321

Three new eremophilane sesquiterpenes (1–3) were isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus Xylaria sp. BL321 together with 07H239-A (4), a known analogue of the new compounds. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analysis of their MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Compound 4 showed activation activity on α-glucosidase at 0.15 μM (146%), and then, 4 gradually produced inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase with increasing concentration, and the IC₅₀ value is 6.54 μM.     

Carotenoids from Marine Microalgae: A Valuable Natural Source for the Prevention of Chronic Diseases

Epidemiological studies have shown a relation between antioxidants and the prevention of several chronic diseases. Microalgae are a potential novel source of bioactive molecules, including a wide range of different carotenoids that can be used as nutraceuticals, food supplements and novel food products. The objective of this review is (i) to update the research that has been carried out on the most known carotenoids produced by marine microalgae, including reporting on their high potentialities to produce other less known important compounds; (ii) to compile the work that has been done in order to establish some relationship between carotenoids and oxidative protection and treatment; (iii) to summarize the association of oxidative stress and the various reactive species including free radicals with several human diseases; and (iv) to provide evidence of the potential of carotenoids from marine microalgae to be used as therapeutics to treat or prevent these oxidative stress-related diseases.     

MytiLec,a Mussel R-Type Lectin,Interacts with Surface Glycan Gb3 on Burkitt’s Lymphoma Cells to Trigger Apoptosis through Multiple Pathways

MytiLec; a novel lectin isolated from the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis); shows strong binding affinity to globotriose (Gb3: Galα1-4Galβ1-4Glc). MytiLec revealed β-trefoil folding as also found in the ricin B-subunit type (R-type) lectin family, although the amino acid sequences were quite different. Classification of R-type lectin family members therefore needs to be based on conformation as well as on primary structure. MytiLec specifically killed Burkitt''s lymphoma Ramos cells, which express Gb3. Fluorescein-labeling assay revealed that MytiLec was incorporated inside the cells. MytiLec treatment of Ramos cells resulted in activation of both classical MAPK/ extracellular signal-regulated kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK-ERK) and stress-activated (p38 kinase and JNK) Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathways. In the cells, MytiLec treatment triggered expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (a ligand of death receptor-dependent apoptosis) and activation of mitochondria-controlling caspase-9 (initiator caspase) and caspase-3 (activator caspase). Experiments using the specific MEK inhibitor U0126 showed that MytiLec-induced phosphorylation of the MEK-ERK pathway up-regulated expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, leading to cell cycle arrest and TNF-α production. Activation of caspase-3 by MytiLec appeared to be regulated by multiple different pathways. Our findings, taken together, indicate that the novel R-type lectin MytiLec initiates programmed cell death of Burkitt’s lymphoma cells through multiple pathways (MAPK cascade, death receptor signaling; caspase activation) based on interaction of the lectin with Gb3-containing glycosphingolipid-enriched microdomains on the cell surface.     

大豆连作对植株营养水平、叶绿素含量、光合速率及其产物影响的研究

研究了大豆连作条件下植株体内营养水平和叶绿素含量、光合速率及其产物的差异。结果表明 ,由于连作造成根际土壤障碍和植株生长发育障碍 ,导致体内硝态N、速效P、速效K含量显著降低 ,使叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、体内可溶性糖、氨基酸总量极显著下降 ,影响大豆叶片的光合性能和有机物的积累 ,从而导致减产。随着连作年代的延长呈现渐低趋势 ,表现为正茬 >迎茬 >重茬。     

6种龙船花的光合特性研究

对6个龙船花品种叶片的形态特征、光合作用日变化和光响应曲线进行测定与分析,结果表明:6种龙船花的光合能力差异不显著,LSP和LCP均较低,说明利用强光的能力较差,耐阳性较弱,而对弱光利用能力较强,具有较强的适应弱光的能力;且它们的WUE也比较低,在0.89～1.37μmol/mmol间,表现出耐荫喜湿的特性。因此在生产上应注意适当遮荫和水分的管理,其中龙船花(I.chinensis)能适应较强的阳光。6种龙船花的Pn均与PAR、Tr、Ci极显著相关,但品种不同,其主导因子也不一样。龙船花和大王龙船花的Pn与Gs、Ci、Tr、VpdL、PAR呈极显著相关;大黄龙船花、橙红龙船花、杏黄龙船花的Pn与Ci、Tr、VpdL、PAR呈极显著相关,而与Gs不相关;洋红龙船花的Pn与Gs、Ci、Tr、PAR呈极显著相关,而与VpdL不相关。     

Optimization of air classification for the production of β-glucan-enriched barley flours

Barley grains contain a relevant amount of soluble fibre (i.e. β-glucans) and can be used for production of foods with healthy functions. To produce barley flours enriched in β-glucans, grain micronization and air classification of the flour was used, and a method to predict the relationship between the yield of the enriched flour and its β-glucan content was developed. This method is based on a series of sortings of micronized flour, with a progressive increase in the yield of a selected fraction; a curve for β-glucan enrichment vs. yield can then be calculated. Thus, the most suitable combination of yield and β-glucan content can be chosen. We tested this approach on two hull-less barleys with different starch type, and obtained barley flour fractions with twice the β-glucan concentration that the grain had. Enriched flour fractions with 11.2 and 15.6% β-glucans were obtained from cultivars Priora (hull-less) and CDC Alamo (waxy, hull-less), respectively, with a good flour yield (about 30%). We suggest that our method can be adopted for finely tuning the enrichment process to meet the industry's needs.     

低浓度NaCl对高粱生长的影响

[目的]探究低浓度NaCl对高粱生长的效应。[方法]以非盐生C4植物高粱为材料,以Hoagland溶液为基础培养液,用NaCl3种浓度（5、10、20mmol/L）处理高粱苗,采用沙培法研究低浓度NaCl对高粱生长的影响。[结果]从长势上看,NaCl低浓度（5mmol/L）处理的植株长势要优于对照,NaCl中浓度（10mmol/L）处理的植株长势与对照相近或比对照略差,NaCl高浓度（20mmol/L）处理的植株长势明显比对照差。3种浓度处理中以低浓度NaCl促进高粱生长的效果最佳,主要表现在：与对照相比,高粱的根系活力增加16.2%（P〈0.05）;植株叶绿素a、叶绿素b和叶绿素总量分别增加9.4%（P〈0.01）、7.9%（P〈0.05）和9.0%（P〈0.05）;高粱叶中可溶性蛋白含量增加22.9%（P〈0.05）;高粱的鲜重和干重分别增加23.2%（P〈0.01）和17.5%（P〈0.05）。[结论]低浓度NaCl可以促进高粱生长。     

桑叶叶绿素光谱特征及其含量测定的初步研究

[目的]研究桑叶叶绿素的光谱特征及其含量的变化规律。[方法]以新鲜桑叶为材料,采用有机溶剂萃取法和分光光度法对桑叶叶绿素进行提取与含量测定,通过比较不同节位桑叶及桑叶不同部位的叶绿素含量,分析桑叶叶绿素的光谱特征及其含量的变化规律。[结果]桑叶叶绿素的光谱特征与其他高等植物叶绿素的光谱特征类似;不同节位桑叶中叶绿素含量为中部〉底部〉顶端,但叶绿素a／b的比值却为底部〉硕端〉中部;而桑叶不同部位叶绿素含量及a／b比值的高低顺序依次为叶柄〉叶中〉叶尖。[结论]不仅为叶绿素的提取及含量测定提供了方法性参考,而且有益于叶绿素的进一步研究。