黄芪多糖水提液流变特性研究

粘度是黄芪多糖提取、加工处理过程中的一个重要参数,溶液温度、黄芪总糖含量、浸提温度是重要影响因素.研究结果表明,粘度随溶液温度升高而降低,粘度越大,温度变化对其影响越显著;黄芪总糖含量低于300mg/mL或高于1000mg/mL时,溶液温度对粘度影响较小;浸提温度超过70℃后,不同粒度物料浸提液的总糖含量未增而粘度明显增大,黄芪多糖浸提温度不宜超过70℃.     

咸水灌溉对基质栽培甜脆豌豆生长及营养品质的影响

【目的】探讨在水资源紧缺地区开展无土栽培咸水灌溉的可行性。【方法】采用基质盆栽试验,以甜脆豌豆为试验对象,设置0.6(淡水)、1.6、2.6、3.6、4.6 g/L共5个矿化度(深层地下淡水掺兑NaCl而成)灌水处理,研究了甜脆豌豆植株地上部和根系生长状况以及豌豆营养品质对咸水灌溉的响应。【结果】与淡水灌溉相比,灌溉水矿化度为3.6 g/L和4.6 g/L时出苗率显著(P<0.05)降低,降幅分别为12.5%和31.2%;甜脆豌豆的株高、地上部鲜/干物质量均随灌溉水矿化度的增加而显著(P<0.05)降低;在播后16 d时1.6 g/L和2.6 g/L处理的甜脆豌豆根系干物质积累未明显降低,但是在播后32d时咸水灌溉处理的根系干物质较淡水灌溉处理分别降低28.9%、40.5%、52.2%和53.1%;随灌溉水矿化度的增加,甜脆豌豆的根冠比呈增加趋势,豌豆淀粉量呈降低趋势,但2.6 g/L与0.6g/L处理间差异不显著(P≥0.05),豌豆可溶性蛋白量和可溶性糖量表现出先增加后减少的趋势,最大值均出现在2.6 g/L处理。【结论】开展基质栽培咸水灌溉甜脆豌豆是可行的,但灌溉水矿化度应≤2.6 g/L。     

锤片式粉碎机分段圆弧筛片设计与粉碎性能试验

针对锤片式粉碎机工作过程中物料环流层影响粉碎性能的特点,设计了分段圆弧筛片代替环形平筛,使锤筛间隙不断变化,破坏环流层,改善粉碎机性能。试验研究表明,针对4KB型锤片式粉碎机设计的15种分段圆弧筛片中,当分段圆弧半径为76mm,间距为97mm时,粉碎机的生产率最高,比环形平筛增加了29.8%,度电产量增加了26.6 %,过度粉碎现象得到了改善,物料粒度也比较均匀,温升明显降低。     

浅谈北海市甘蔗生产机械化

蔗糖业是北海市国民经济和财税收入的重要组成部分。甘蔗生产是北海农业支柱产业之一．也是农民收入的重要来源。近几年来,随着食品消费的不断丰富,食糖消费量的快速提高,使甘蔗生产和甘蔗生产机械化得到了快速发展。     

Root renewal of sugar beet as a mechanism of P uptake efficiency

Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was grown in two different long‐term P fertilization experiments on a sandy and a loamy soil. The P supply levels of the soils were ”︁low”, ”︁sufficient”, and ”︁high”, according to the German recommendation scheme. The low P level decreased shoot and storage root yield only on the loam soil, where the recovery of the P‐deficient plants after a drought period was slower than at a sufficient P supply. The size of the living root system, as determined by a conventional auger sampling method, peaked at early July and decreased until harvest on the sandy soil without any influence of the P level. On loam, the living root systems were more constant and larger at P shortage. Total root production, as determined by the ingrowth core method, was about 120 km m^—2 in the well P supplied loam treatments and 200 km m^—2 at P deficiency, which was 3—4 times and 5 times higher than the average size of the living root systems, respectively. Hence, a rapid root renewal took place. On sand, where no P deficiency occurred, total root production was not different between the P supply levels but higher than in the well‐supplied loam treatments. Modelling P uptake revealed that this root turnover and the concomitant better exploitation of the soil facilitates P uptake at a low P level in soil, but is of no advantage at a sufficient P supply. The increase of root production at P shortage increased calculated P uptake by 25% compared to a calculation with the ”︁usual” root production at a sufficient supply.     

钾素对食用型甘薯糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

为了探讨钾素提高甘薯块根可溶性糖含量的生理基础。选用典型的食用型甘薯品种北京553,设置不同施钾处理,于2009～2010年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行试验。采用甘薯块根膨大过程中定期取样的方法,测定块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量及相关酶活性、功能叶蔗糖含量及相关酶活性。结果表明,与对照比较,施用钾肥能显著提高块根产量、可溶性糖及各糖组分含量,其中K2O用量为24 g/m2处理增幅最大,为最适用量。进一步研究发现,适宜供钾处理显著提高了功能叶磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性和蔗糖含量,生育期内平均增幅分别为10.31%和34.13%,同时提高了块根中蔗糖合成酶、不溶性酸性转化酶的活性,生育期内平均增幅为16.47%和3.66%,在提高源端光合产物供应的同时促进蔗糖在库端的卸载,促进块根中淀粉和可溶性糖的积累;适宜供钾处理还提高了块根中-和-淀粉酶的活性,生育期内平均增幅分别为26.06%和14.64%,促进淀粉向可溶性糖转化。此外,适宜供钾处理还显著提高了生长前期和后期块根中可溶性酸性转化酶活性、以及生长后期块根中蔗糖-蔗糖果糖基转移酶活性,促进了葡萄糖、果糖和果聚糖在块根中的积累。在甘薯收获期,块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量分别提高了13.52%和3.02%。即钾肥能够增加块根中蔗糖的供应量、促进块根对蔗糖的吸收、促进淀粉水解,是其提高块根可溶性糖含量的生理原因。     

基于激光拉曼光谱的脐橙内部品质无损检测

论文初步探讨了运用激光拉曼光谱技术来检测脐橙内部品质的方法。应用激光拉曼光谱仪获取脐橙拉曼谱线,通过对拉曼谱线处理与分析得到了预测脐橙果肉糖度和硬度的谱线特征值,以四个谱线特征值为输入参数、脐橙糖度和硬度为输出建立了三层BP神经网络模型。结果表明,模型的糖度预测值与实测值之间的误差总体方差为0.0656,模型的硬度预测值与实测值之间的误差总体方差为0.0062。研究表明,采用激光拉曼光谱技术检测脐橙内部品质是可行的。     

不同糖质原料和菌株固态发酵制取乙醇的特性比较

利用固态发酵技术直接将糖质原料转化为乙醇,过程简单且糖利用率高,已经成为近年来的一个研发热点。为寻求最适原料及菌种,该文对不同原料和菌株进行固态发酵产乙醇特性进行了比较研究:2种菌株为实验室自行筛选酵母菌株TSH和市场上常见的安琪酿酒酵母菌株AGL;3种糖料作物为甘蔗、甜菜和甜高粱。结果表明,无论对于TSH或者AGL,投入相同质量的原料,由于可发酵总糖初始含量的不同,最终乙醇产量最高为甜菜,甜高粱次之,甘蔗最低。为消除原料初始糖含量不同造成的影响,该文比较了消耗单位质量糖分所生成的乙醇质量,发现对于2种菌株甜高粱都具有最高的乙醇/糖转化率,说明甜高粱茎秆中糖分用于生成乙醇的比率较多,而用于维持酵母菌自身生长繁殖及副产物生成的糖分较少。比较2菌株的发酵能力,对于甜高粱TSH表现出较为明显的发酵优势:发酵周期比AGL缩短了近6h,且乙醇/糖转化率略高于AGL;而对于甘蔗和甜菜原料,TSH的乙醇产率与AGL相差不大;说明自行筛选的TSH菌种对多种糖料发酵底物具有广泛适用性,具有良好的工业应用前景。该文对利用糖质原料固态发酵生产燃料乙醇工艺的工业化实现及改进具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Soil chemical and microbiological properties in hay production systems: residual effects of contrasting N fertilization of swine lagoon effluent versus ammonium nitrate

This study characterized soil chemical and microbiological properties in hay production systems that received from 0 to 600 kg plant-available N (PAN) ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from either swine lagoon effluent (SLE) or ammonium nitrate (AN) from 1999 to 2001. The forage systems contained plots planted with bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) or endophyte-free tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.). In March 2004, the plots were sampled for measurements of a suite of soil chemical and microbiological properties. Nitrogen fertilization rates were significantly correlated with soil pH and K₂SO₄-extractable soil C but not with total soil C, soil C/N ratio, electrical conductivity, or Mehlich-3-extractable nutrients. Soil supplied with SLE had significantly lower Mehlich-3-extractable nutrients than the soil supplied with AN. Two indicators of soil N-supplying capacity (potentially mineralizable N and amino sugar N) varied with plant species and the type of N fertilizer. However, they generally peaked at an application rate of 200 or 400 kg PAN ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Soil microbial biomass C also peaked at an application rate of 200 or 400 kg PAN ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Nitrification potential was significantly higher in soil supplied with AN than in the unfertilized control but was similar between SLE-fertilized and unfertilized soils. Our results indicated that an application rate as high as 600 kg PAN ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ did not benefit soil microbial biomass, microbial activity, and N transformation processes in these forage systems.