二氢吡啶海藻酸钙凝胶小球的制备工艺

研究二氢吡啶海藻酸钙凝胶小球的制备工艺和最优处方.以海藻酸钠为基质材料,采用滴制法制备海藻酸钙凝胶小球,以二氢吡啶的包封率和载药量作为制备工艺优化指标,设计正交试验优选最佳处方;测定最佳处方所制制剂的包封率(Encapsulation efficiency,EE)和载药量(Drug loading,LD)并与原料药比较体外释放作用.最优处方为海藻酸钠浓度1.5%,海藻酸钠与二氢吡啶质量比1:2,氯化钙浓度0.10 mol/L;EE和LD值分别为81.16%,48.20%,与原料药相比缓释性较好,且具有良好的溶胀性能.本法工艺简单、可行、稳定,重现性好.     

不同炮炙方法对黄瓜籽中钙离子溶出量的影响

为优化黄瓜籽的炮炙方法,在炒黄、炒焦、炒炭条件下,将每个样品各分为籽、粉两个规格,采用超声波提取法,原子分光光度法测定黄瓜籽中钙离子含量。结果表明:在炒炭黄瓜籽粉中,Ca~+溶出量最多,为3.106%,炒黄的黄瓜籽粉中Ca~+溶出量最少,为0.838%。即炒炭炮炙可使黄瓜籽粉中Ca~+溶出量最多。     

根施普钙对火龙果果实耐贮性及挂果量的影响

[目的]提高贵州省地区火龙果的耐贮性。[方法]火龙果植株根施普钙,果实成熟后采果常温贮藏试验和统计挂果数。[结果]根施普钙对火龙果耐贮性和挂果量都有一定的提高作用。[结论]火龙果生产中可适当地施用普钙。     

Fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat from Nellore steers fed dry or high moisture corn and calcium salts of fatty acids

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the fatty acid composition of the Longissimus muscle from carcasses of Nellore steers fed diets with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) and high moisture corn. Forty eight steers were fed during 70 days four diets containing dry corn (DC), high moisture corn (HM), dry corn plus CSFA (DC-CSFA) or high moisture corn plus CSFA (HM-CSFA). Fatty acid composition of the Longissimus muscle was determined by gas chromatography. Corn type had no effect on the ether extract percentage and in the content of the majority of the fatty acids, although steers fed HMC showed higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated/saturated ratio. Feeding CSFA increased ether extract percentage but had no effect on total of saturated, unsaturated and saturated: unsaturated ratio. Both high moisture corn and calcium salts of fatty acids increased CLA (cis9, trans11) and total CLA concentrations in intramuscular fat.     

Duration of the effects of anionic salts on the acid–base status in cows fed different anionic salts only once daily

Seeing the fact that farm managers in Germany feed anionic salts to transition cows once daily, this study set out to evaluate whether the effects on the acid–base status (ABS) and calcium excretion in urine would persist throughout the entire day beyond this feeding practice. Eleven non-lactating, non-pregnant, Holstein–Friesian-cows with a rumen fistula were administered 2Eq of calcium chloride (CaCl₂/five cows) or calcium sulfate (CaSO₄/six cows) once daily for a period of 1 week. At day 7, blood and urine samples were taken every 4 h starting at 06:00 a.m. before feeding the anionic salts, and then ending at the same time the next day. Feeding anionic salts to the cows induced metabolic acidosis in both of the groups. The changes tended to be greater in CaCl₂-cows. After 12 h, the acidosis lessened and the initial values were reached after 24 h. The CaCl₂-cows, however, still showed signs of compensated metabolic acidosis. The results of the present study showed that feeding anionic salts once daily confined the risk of an interrupted effect of the anionic salts on the acid–base status as well as calcium metabolism after 12 h.     

Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows

Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows with initial body weight of 385 ± 19 kg were randomly allocated to 3 treatments of rice straw (T1 = untreated rice straw; T2 = 5.5% urea-treated rice straw (5 g urea in 100 ml water to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw); T3 = 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw (2.0 g urea and 2.0 g Ca(OH)₂ in 100 ml to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted for 21 days in which feed, feces and rumen fluid were collected during the last 7 days for chemical analyses. The findings revealed significant improvements in dry matter intake and digestibility by using 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. Ruminal pH and NH₃-N were found higher (P < 0.05) as compared with urea-treated rice straw fed group, while blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (P < 0.05) in cows fed with 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, respectively. Moreover, ruminal viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts were enhanced by urea and calcium hydroxide treatments. Milk protein and fat concentrations were additionally increased by respective treatments while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and urea-treated rice straw fed groups. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw for straw treatment could be an alternative treatment to 5.5% urea treatment with regards to its effectiveness and treatment cost for lactating dairy cows.     

花生施用牡蛎壳粉增钙技术应用研究

从花生产量、品质以及当地钙肥资源、成本、环保等方面综合考察认为,施用牡蛎壳粉以增钙是目前福建省莆田市花生生产的较佳选择。通过试验建立了花生牡蛎壳粉施用量效应函数和施用时期效应函数,寻优结果表明,播前基施216kg/hm2,果针入土前追施510 kg/hm2,果针入土后补施24 kg/hm2,共施用牡蛎壳粉750 kg/hm2,花生期望产量较高,达3913.1kg/hm2,施钙利润亦较佳,达31154.80元/hm2。     

乳腺分泌细胞钙转运机制

依据钙转运的模式,综述了乳腺分泌细胞钙转运机制,阐明了参与钙转运过程的关键分子,为今后的研究提供了新思路。     

舍饲绒山羊发生骨质疏松症的因素分析

针对甘肃庆阳市某舍饲绒山羊场羊只存在的膘情差、肋骨开张不良、四肢不端正、成年羊早期掉牙、青年羊牙齿发育迟缓和角尖破损严重等现象,对该场羊只的日粮组成和管理方法进行详细调查,并随机采取20只5～6岁母羊血样,测定了血清中的钙、磷、三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)、甲状腺素(T4)水平以及碱性磷酸酶活性(ALP).结果表明:该场绒山羊(Ⅰ组)饲料单一、品质差、霉变现象较严重,日粮钙磷比例严重失调,而且饲养管理方法较落后.羊只血清磷水平为1.79 mmol/L,而来自另一羊场的健康羊(Ⅱ组)血清磷水平为1.95 mmol/L,二者差异显著(P<0.05).Ⅰ组羊血清ALP活性达到(457.75±606.86) U/L , 是Ⅱ组(95.80±60.09) U/L的4.78倍,其差异极显著(P<0.01).虽然两组血清T3水平差异不显著,但Ⅰ组血清T4水平明显高于Ⅱ组,分别为8.72±1.61和(8.08±1.31)μg/dL,(P<0.05).由此可见,该场羊只患有严重的骨质疏松症,日粮钙磷比例失调是导致骨质受损的主要因素.     

舍饲山羊营养盈缺分析

对33只不同品种及不同生理阶段的舍饲山羊测定日采食量,并参照美国NRC(1981)山羊营养需要标准进行营养盈缺分析,结果表明:山羊日粮代谢能为9.35～10.20 MJ/kg时,山羊干物质采食量占体重百分比为2.3 %～3.7 %,接近或高于标准.山羊每日摄入的粗蛋白质、钙和磷数量明显超过标准;公羊、空怀母羊日摄入代谢能高于标准,而妊娠母羊、哺乳母羊和波杂育成羊日摄入代谢能水平接近NRC标准或缺乏.