利用DH群体进行白菜株高和开展度的QTL定位分析

应用AFLP、SRAP、RAPD、SSR及同工酶等标记构建的326个标记位点的白菜遗传图谱和81个DH株系群体,采用M apQTL 5软件对白菜的株高和开展度进行QTL定位。结果表明：通过2年试验,在10个连锁群上共检测到27个QTL,主要分布在R 5、R 10连锁群上：其中控制株高的有11个,控制开展度的有16个;获得2年稳定表达的控制株高的QTL 1个,控制开展度的QTL 3个;各QTL加性效应各不相等,其遗传贡献率为13.3%-29.2%;控制株高和控制开展度的QTL位点表现为紧密连锁或相似的位置,主要集中在R 5连锁群上。     

Allelic variation of a clubroot resistance gene (Crr1a) in Japanese cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L.)

Clubroot resistance (CR) is an important trait in Chinese cabbage breeding worldwide. Although Crr1a, the gene responsible for clubroot-resistance, has been cloned and shown to encode the NLR protein, its allelic variation and molecular function remain unknown. Here, we investigated the sequence variation and function of three Crr1a alleles cloned from six CR F₁ cultivars of Chinese cabbage. Gain-of-function analysis revealed that Crr1a^Kinami90_a isolated from the cv. ‘Kinami 90’ conferred clubroot resistance as observed for Crr1a^G004. Because two susceptible alleles commonly lacked 172 amino acids in the C-terminal region, we investigated clubroot resistance in transgenic Arabidopsis harboring the chimeric Crr1a, in which 172 amino acids of the functional alleles were fused to the susceptible alleles. The fusion of the C-terminal region to the susceptible alleles restored resistance, indicating that their susceptibility was caused by the lack of the C-terminus. We developed DNA markers to detect the two functional Crr1a alleles, and demonstrated that the functional Crr1a alleles were frequently found in European fodder turnips, whereas they were rarely introduced into Japanese CR cultivars of Chinese cabbage. These results would contribute to CR breeding via marker-assisted selection and help our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying clubroot resistance.     

芜菁Br14-3-3的克隆及其在非生物胁迫下的表达分析

克隆了‘津田芜菁’(Brassica rapa subsp. rapifera‘Tsuda’)通用调节因子14-3-3基因cDNA序列,命名为Br14-3-3(GenBank登录号为MK896872)。该基因全长1 113 bp,开放阅读框全长774 bp,编码含有257个氨基酸的多肽。荧光定量PCR分析Br14-3-3在‘津田芜菁’不同组织中及其在温度、脱水、渗透、ABA和无机盐等非生物胁迫下幼苗中的表达,结果表明该基因在‘津田芜菁’的花中表达量最高,幼苗中次之;低温抑制了Br14-3-3的表达,其他非生物胁迫可诱导该基因表达,暗示Br14-3-3在非生物胁迫应答中发挥功能。     

白菜型油菜srb多室性状的遗传分析与分子鉴定

油菜多室角果是一种高产相关性状,本研究对桑日白油菜(srb)多室性状的遗传调控机制进行研究。性状分析表明,该突变体具有稳定的多室角果表型,单株多室角果比例为94.7%～100.0%,每角果平均3.5个心皮。遗传上srb突变体中的多室性状受1对隐性核基因控制。比较测序分析发现, srb中BrCLV3基因的CLE motif中存在一种新的单核苷酸突变(C/G),可导致其保守结构域的第12位组氨酸突变为天冬氨酸,将该位点命名为Brclv3Asp12。利用SNP标记进行分离群体的鉴定,证实Brclv3Asp12中的C/G单核苷酸变异与多室表型共分离。转基因互补测验和体外多肽的处理试验进一步证实,该材料中控制多室性状位点Brclv3_Asp12突变导致了CLV3多肽活性的减弱,是形成多室角果性状的原因。本研究初步阐明了白菜型油菜srb多室性状形成的机制。     

A Chronic Plant Test for the Assessment of Contaminated Soils. Part 1: Method development (9 pp)

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PREAMBLE According to the German Federal Soil Protection Act (BBodSchG 1998), the habitat function of soils must be protected. Despite the fact that in the Federal Soil Protection Ordinance (BBodSchV 1999) it has not been established how this goal can be reached reliably, it is clear that such a biological function can only adequately be assessed using biological test methods. This is especially true when a soil is contaminated by a mixture of often unknown chemicals. In such a case the use of chemical analysis aiming at a small range of known substances is not sufficient and must therefore be supplemented by biological methods. For this reason, several standardised test methods are available (e.g. using earthworms, collembolans or plants; Römbke and Knacker 2003; ISO 2003). Since acute tests are usually not sensitive enough for the assessment of potentially contaminated soils (e.g. Hund-Rinke et al. 2002), chronic tests like the earthworm reproduction tests (ISO 1998) are recommended for this purpose.

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A chronic plant test for the determination of phytotoxicity was missing until quite recently. The term phytotoxicity is understood here as the capacity of a compound or a contaminated soil to cause temporary or long-lasting damage to plants (EPPO 1997). Therefore, the German Ministry for Education and Research sponsored a project (1997 – 1999) in which – based on existing standardised methods – such a chronic plant laboratory test was developed and partly validated (Kalsch and Römbke 2000). The new test can be used for the evaluation of single chemicals (see Part 1 of this mini-series) as well as for the assessment of contaminated or remediated soils (see Part 2 of this mini-series).

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ABSTRACT Background and Scope. As part of the efforts to improve the biological testing of contaminated soils, the German government sponsored the standardisation of a chronic plant bioassay. This new test is based on experiences with various acute plant tests (e.g. published by OECD or ISO) and existing North American Plant-Life-Cycle Bioassays. In this contribution the characteristic properties of the test are described.

Methods

The test can be performed either with Brassica rapa (turnip) or Avena sativa (oat). Its duration is 35 to 64 days with OECD artificial soil and a German standard field soil acting as controls. Water and nutrients are provided by an automatic wick irrigation system. Besides measuring biomass and shoot length, the number of pods, seeds and flowers are applied as chronic measurement endpoints. During the development of the test, TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) and Pyrene were used as model test substances.

Results

Pyrene did not affect B. rapa (turnip) in concentrations of up to 10.000 mg/kg soil (due to the often low sensitivity of A. sativa (oat) no further test with this substance was performed). Depending on the endpoint the results varied in the tests with TNT. With few exceptions, the NOEC (No Observed Effect Concentration) values were determined as 55.5 mg TNT/kg soil for B. rapa (turnip) and as 75 (unfertilised) and 150 (fertilised) mg TNT/kg soil for A. sativa (oat). The EC50-values varied between 96.3 and 207.2 mg TNT/kg soil for B. rapa (turnip) and 183.1 – 505.6 mg TNT/kg soil for A. sativa (oat), depending on the endpoint.

Outlook

The results of this work have been used to prepare a draft test guideline, which has recently been standardised by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). Practical experiences with this test system are described in Part II of this mini series.     

抗寒甘蓝型油菜的初步选育

为将白菜型油菜(Brassica rapa L.)中的抗寒性状转育到甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)中,以3个甘蓝型油菜品系为母本,4个抗寒白菜型油菜品种为父本配制杂交组合,研究了各杂交组合回交亲和性以及杂种的形态表现.结果表明:①甘白种间杂交亲和性较高,亲和指数最高的组合达3.42,最低为0.50;②杂交亲和性受双亲基因型的影响,且母本基因型对杂交亲和指教的影响大于父本基因型;③利用SSR鉴定真假杂种,真杂种叶片形态特征介于双亲之间,根系形态偏向于白菜型油菜,具有粗壮的主根而须根较少.通过测配可选出杂交亲和性较高的甘白组合,从而繁殖出较多的杂交及回交分离后代用于下一步的田间抗寒性鉴定和筛选.     

大白菜抗软腐病基因BrWRKY33植物表达载体的构建

利用农杆菌侵染法获得抗软腐病转BrWRKY33基因大白菜,首先要构建植物表达载体。本实验根据BrWRKY33基因的序列及pROK2表达载体的酶切位点设计引物(FN/RN),获得BrWRKY33基因,然后将该基因连接到克隆载体pGEM-TEasy,重新构建了克隆载体T-WRKY。经测序及酶切验证,选取PCR反应中错配率最低的产物,构建了表达载体pROK2-WRKY,并将该表达载体转入到根癌农杆菌EHA105中,并对其转化子进行了鉴定。结果表明,PCR扩增获得目的基因BrWRKY33全长约1443bp,PCR及酶切结果鉴定表明克隆载体T-WRKY已经重新构建成功。表达载体的PCR及BamHⅠ和KpnⅠ双酶切鉴定表明有4个重组子表现阳性,表明目的基因已经插入到pROK2表达载体,表达载体构建成功。PCR鉴定表明表达载体pROK2-WRKY已经转入根癌农杆菌EHA105中。本实验结果将为进一步研究大白菜抗软腐病基因的转化奠定基础。     

大白菜花药培养胚状体诱导研究

以9个大白菜一代杂种为材料进行花药培养。结果表明,大白菜胚状体诱导率受基因型、预处理时间等因素影响。花药在接种后的15～30 d出现胚状体,最后得到了再生植株。     

2个生理指标与大白菜耐抽薹性相关性初探

分析了白菜不同抽薹特性品种在低温诱导下POD(过氧化物酶)、CAT(过氧化氢酶)活性氧清除系统数值与白菜抽薹特性的关系,为白菜耐抽薹育种及快速选择抽薹特性品种提供理论依据,以20个不同抽薹特性的结球大白菜为材料,评价品种抽薹特性并测定低温诱导后叶片POD和CAT含量。结果表明, POD对照组,冷处理组及冷处理组比对照组与品种的抽薹特性显著正相关,而CAT对照组与抽薹特性负相关,冷处理组及冷处理组比对照组与抽薹性显著正相关。结论:接球大白菜的耐抽薹性与品种在低温胁迫下的活性氧清除能力有一定的相关性。     

中国白菜型油菜种质表型多样性分析

以保存于油料作物中期库中的1 962份白菜型油菜种质为基础材料,按照地理位置、表型性状分组并按比例取样,选择具有代表性的244份地方品种,对其13个表型性状进行分析。结果显示,来源于山西省的冬油菜生育日数较长,来源于青海、内蒙古、甘肃等省的春油菜生育期较短;来源于四川省的半冬型油菜株高较高;来源于云南、四川省的半冬型油菜全株角果数较多;来源于西藏的材料千粒重较大。多样性指数结果表明,我国白菜型油菜地方种具有丰富的形态多样性,平均多样性指数为1.709, 高于国外材料(1.250);就不同生态类型而言,半冬型油菜多样性指数最高,其次为春油菜,冬油菜最低。聚类分析结果显示,在相似系数为0.204时,244份白菜型油菜地方种质划分为四簇,每簇包含的种质数分别为117、38、34和55;簇Ⅰ以半冬型油菜为主,簇Ⅱ、Ⅲ以春油菜为主,簇Ⅳ以冬油菜为主。主成分分析结果显示,白菜型油菜分为春油菜、半冬型油菜与冬油菜三个明显的基因库,其结论与聚类分析结果一致。