11种木霉菌对葡萄灰霉病菌的拮抗作用

对采自宁夏14个市县的170份土样及其它材料进行分离,得到96株木霉菌株,采用形态分类方法鉴定出9种木霉菌以及2种未知名菌种,它们分别为哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)、绿色木霉(T.viride)、长枝木霉(T.longibrachiatum)、康氏木霉(T.koningii)、拟康氏木霉(T.pseudokoningii)、顶孢木霉(T.fertile)、黄绿木霉(T.aureoviride)、深绿木霉(T.atroviride)、钩状木霉(T.hamatum)以及T.sp1和T.sp2。竞争及对峙培养结果表明:11种木霉菌种对葡萄灰霉病菌(BotrytiscinereaPers.)均有不同程度的拮抗作用,尤其前四种木霉菌表现出了很强的竞争优势,在对峙培养中对葡萄灰霉菌的拮抗系数为Ⅰ￣Ⅱ,抑菌率达61.8%￣77.6%。在光学显微镜下可观察到木霉菌或缠绕或穿入葡萄灰霉菌菌丝生长,并发生菌丝断裂、消解以及细胞原生质浓缩等现象。     

纳他霉素对灰葡萄孢不同生育阶段菌体的毒力及其生物学性状的影响

以多菌灵为对照药剂,采用生长速率法、悬滴法和浸渍法分别测定了不同温度下纳他霉素对灰葡萄孢Botrytis cinerea菌丝生长、分生孢子萌发和菌核萌发的毒力,研究了常温下两种药剂对菌株产孢和菌核形成的影响。结果表明:纳他霉素及多菌灵对灰葡萄孢不同生育阶段菌体的抑制作用随温度降低而有不同程度增强;分生孢子对药剂最为敏感;温度对药剂对菌丝毒力的影响最显著;多菌灵对菌株不同发育阶段的抑制活性均高于纳他霉素。供试药剂对菌株产孢时间和菌核产生时间无显著影响,但多菌灵可显著刺激菌株产孢和菌核形成。     

桉苗灰霉病初步研究

按苗灰霉病(Botrytis cinerea Pers.ex Fr.)是近年在云南省新发现的病害,过去未曾报道。该病多发生在按苗幼嫩的茎上部和叶片上,可造成按苗迅速死亡。早春连绵阴雨,气温较低,致使该病易造成流行,该病的流行也与管理措施密切相关。采取平衡施肥,加强苗期管理是最有效的预防措施。发病期可施用75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1:500倍;或70%敌克松可湿性粉剂与等量的50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂混用,稀释1000倍常量喷雾,每7~10天一次,连续喷2~3次,可有效地控制按苗灰霉病蔓延流行。     

番茄灰霉病拮抗菌K-2的筛选及鉴定

从土壤中分离出一株对蕃茄灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)有较强拮抗能力的细菌K-2。通过平板对峙培养法对其抑菌效果进行测定,结果表明:1)培养5d后,K-2菌落周围产生明显的抑菌带,对Botrytis cinerea的抑菌率达66.19%,培养15d后仍保持稳定的抑菌效果;2)K-2的发酵原液对Botrytis cinerea孢子萌发具有显著的抑制作用,抑制率为100%;3)K-2对病菌的作用机制表现为使病菌菌丝畸形、菌丝扭曲、抑制病菌分生孢子的萌发;4)土壤定殖试验表明,拮抗菌K-2会受到土著微生物的影响降低存活率,但仍具有在土壤中存活并较长时间保持拮抗能力的潜力。     

灰葡萄孢菌nit突变体的诱导及其在营养体亲和性测定中的应用初探

 从山西运城、临汾、长治、晋中、大同等地保护地黄瓜灰霉病病株上采集、分离的分属于3个不同菌丝融合群的8个灰葡萄孢菌单孢菌株,经氯酸盐诱导处理,共获得了抗氯酸盐的硝酸盐利用缺陷突变体(nit突变体)59株,其中nit1型38株,nit3型10株,nitM型11株。所有nit突变株分别在PDA斜面转管培养3次(21 d)后,除6株恢复成野生菌株外,其余多数nit突变菌株表现稳定。来源于同一野生菌株的不同类型nit突变体间或同一菌丝融合群不同野生菌株的nit突变体间可产生互补反应而形成异核体,其中以nitM型突变株互补性最好,在利用nit突变体测定灰葡萄孢菌营养体亲和性时应作为标准菌株。来源于不同菌丝融合群的nit突变体间不能产生互补反应。     

Insecticidal and fungicidal activity of new synthesized chitosan derivatives

Chitosan, the N-deacetylated derivative of chitin, is a potential biopolysaccharide owing to its specific structure and properties. In this paper, we report on the synthesis of 24 new chitosan derivatives, N-alkyl chitosans (NAC) and N-benzyl chitosans (NBC), that are soluble in dilute aqueous acetic acid. The different derivatives were synthesized by reductive amination and analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. A high degree of substitution (DS) was obtained with N-(butyl)chitosan (DS 0.36) at a 1:1 mole ratio for NAC derivatives and N-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan (DS 0.52) for NBC derivatives. Their insecticidal and fungicidal activities were tested against larvae of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the grey mould Botrytis cinerea Pers (Leotiales: Sclerotiniaceae) and the rice leaf blast Pyricularia grisea Cavara (Teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr). The oral feeding bioassay indicated that all the derivatives had significant insecticidal activity at 5 g kg(-1) in artificial diet. The most active was N-(2-chloro-6-fluorobenzyl)chitosan, which caused 100% mortality at 0.625 g kg(-1), with an estimated LC50 of 0.32 g kg(-1). Treated larvae ceased feeding after 2-3 days; the mechanism of action remains unknown. In a radial hyphal growth bioassay with both plant pathogens, all derivatives showed a higher fungicidal action than chitosan. N-Dodecylchitosan, N-(p-isopropylbenzyl)chitosan and N-(2,6-dichlorobenzyl)chitosan were the most active against B cinerea, with EC50 values of 0.57, 0.57 and 0.52 g litre(-1), respectively. Against P grisea, N-(m-nitrobenzyl)chitosan was the most active, with 77% inhibition at 5 g litre(-1). The effect of different substitutions is discussed in relation to insecticidal and fungicidal activity.     

利迪链霉菌A02诱导番茄抗灰霉病作用机制研究——对植株防御酶系的影响

利用利迪链霉菌生防菌株A02发酵液和番茄灰霉病菌对番茄植株进行诱导和接种处理,利用分光光度法测定处理前和处理后1~5 d番茄叶片组织的主要防御酶系——苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性变化。试验结果显示,不接种灰霉病菌而单独诱导处理、接种灰霉病菌后诱导处理和诱导处理后接种灰霉病菌这3种处理都能提高番茄植株各防御酶系的活性,后者酶活性峰值最高,对番茄植株灰霉病的抑制作用也最明显,控制效果达94.92%。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌LJ02对黄瓜抗灰霉病菌的生防效果及其诱导抗性机理的初步研究

 为了解生防解淀粉芽孢杆菌LJ02诱导黄瓜抗灰霉病菌的防治效果和作用机制,分别测量了LJ02的发酵上清液和菌体悬浮液的诱导持效期、最适使用浓度以及最佳施用方法,并采用荧光定量PCR的方法法测定了LJ02诱导处理后黄瓜根部和叶部组织中分别表达PR1a蛋白、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、几丁质酶、过氧化物酶的抗性基因PR-1、PR-2、PR-3、PR-9的相对表达量。结果表明,LJ02诱导黄瓜抗灰霉病菌的持效期在7 d左右,且原液与100倍稀释液效果最好,灌根施用效果最佳。LJ02发酵上清液可诱导PR-1、PR-3、PR-9的表达,LJ02菌体悬浮液可诱导PR-1、PR-2、PR-3的表达。     

Microconidia act the role as spermatia in the sexual reproduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis cinerea</Emphasis>

In the sexual reproductive cycle of Botrytis cinerea, large numbers of microconidia were observed in all the crosses that formed sexual bodies. To clarify the role of the microconidia in sexual reproduction, they were separated using a sucrose density gradient and then used in crossing tests with fungal sclerotia. Sexual bodies were formed in all the crosses in the five mating combinations, demonstrating that microconidia are able to function as spermatia during sexual reproduction of B. cinerea.     

UV-C irradiation induces defence responses and improves vase-life of cut gerbera flowers

UV-C (λ = 254 nm) irradiation was effective in reducing Botrytis cinerea floret specking (i.e., lesion development) and maintaining a better postharvest quality of cut gerbera flowers. A range of UV-C doses (0.5-10.0 kJ m⁻²) was tested on ‘Ice cream’ and ‘Ecco’ gerbera flowers to activate germicidal and inducible defence mechanisms. Irradiation of B. cinerea cultures with 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 kJ m⁻² UV-C resulted in up to a 10-fold reduction of conidial germination percentages and significant (P < 0.05) delay of mycelium growth, compared to the non-irradiated control cultures. Moreover, lesion diameters on gerbera florets inoculated with UV-C irradiated B. cinerea cultures were reduced by up to 70%, suggesting that UV-C had a negative effect on the pathogenic strength of the fungi. Lesion diameters on florets of UV-C irradiated gerberas were reduced by up to 55% giving evidence that defence responses in the host tissue were induced. Concentration of total phenolics seemed to be unaffected by 0.5 kJ m⁻² UV-C treatment in both cultivars, but polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity increased and remained higher compared to the non-irradiated control flowers throughout the 48 h storage period at 20 °C. The increase of PPO suggests that this enzyme might play an important role in host defence mechanisms that suppressed B. cinerea floret specking. Gerbera flowers irradiated with 1.0 or 10.0 kJ m⁻² UV-C showed improvement in vase-life by 1.8 and 2.4 d, decrease in stem break percentages by 43 and 29% and delay in stem break incidence by 3.3 and 1.3 d, respectively.