顶果木灰霉病病原鉴定

【目的】对顶果木灰霉病病原菌进行鉴定,以明确其分类地位,为顶果木灰霉病的防控提供参考依据。【方法】从广西南宁市良凤江国家森林公园苗圃基地采集顶果木灰霉病病害标本,对病害进行症状描述、组织分离和致病性测定,观察致病菌的形态学特征并进行r DNA-ITS序列分析。【结果】分离获得顶果木灰霉病致病菌代表菌株DGM5-6。DGM5-6菌株在PDA上长势良好,毛绒状菌落初期呈淡黄白色,后期逐渐变为灰白色;气生菌丝呈放射状生长,开始为白色,生长后期为灰色;病菌分生孢子梗单生,灰色至褐色,分枝,顶端膨大成球形,其上有多个小梗,梗上聚生卵形、圆形或椭圆形的分生孢子;分生孢子呈浅灰色至无色,单胞,大小为10.0-12.5μm×7.5-10.0μm。DGM5-6菌株ITS基因扩增片段长度为535 bp,其r DNA-ITS序列与Gen Bank中灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea Pers.ex Fr）序列的同源性达99%。【结论】引起广西顶果木灰霉病的病原为灰葡萄孢（Botrytis cinerea Pers.ex Fr）,该病原菌寄主范围广,应结合苗圃清园、圃地治理、合理密植、生物防治和化学防治等进行防控。     

防治秋枫灰同缘小叶蝉的药剂筛选

指出了灰同缘小叶蝉是秋枫的重要害虫,利用8种农药室内药效试验显示:30%氯胺磷乳油3000倍液和20%叶蝉散乳油3000倍液对灰同缘小叶蝉成虫和若虫的杀虫效果均达100%,3%啶虫脒乳油、40%乐果乳油、4.5%高效氯氰菊酯乳油和10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂1000倍液对老熟若虫的杀虫率分别为95.4%、90.8%、81.6%和74.6%;而1.8%阿维菌素乳油和0.5%甲维盐微乳剂3000倍液的杀虫效果较差。     

Potassium silicate and chitosan application for gray mold management in strawberry during storage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of silicon and chitosan as alternative controls for postharvest rot of strawberries (gray mold) caused by Botrytis cinerea. Chitosan and potassium silicate applications were performed at the preharvest stage using the following treatments: chitosan once a week; potassium silicate once a week; potassium silicate once a week + chitosan once a week; and without application. An additional variable was introduced at postharvest, with one-half of the total fruit harvested from each plot dipped in chitosan and the other half not dipped in chitosan. Potassium silicate alone was not effective for rot control. Fruits from plants that received the chitosan application showed 64% less area under the rot progress curve (AURPC) than fruits from plants that were not treated with chitosan. Harvested fruits that were chitosan dipped showed 48% less AURPC than fruits that were not treated at postharvest. Chitosan application in the field and at postharvest is a promising strategy for the management of postharvest strawberry rot.     

Bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) Ether,a Marine Algae Derived Bromophenol,Inhibits the Growth of Botrytis cinerea and Interacts with DNA Molecules

Bis(2,3-dibromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl) ether (BDDE) is a bromophenol isolated from marine algae. Previous reports have shown that BDDE possesses cytotoxic and antibacterial activity. In the present study, we demonstrate that BDDE displays broad-spectrum antifungal activities, especially on Botrytis cinerea. BDDE inhibits the growth of B. cinerea cultured on a solid medium of potato dextrose agar (PDA) as well as on the potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium. Moreover, BDDE decreases the incidence of fruit decay and severity of strawberries infected with B. cinerea. Further studies have revealed that BDDE decreases the germination rate and inhibits the mycelial growth of B. cinerea. The inhibition mechanisms are related to the disruption of the cell membrane integrity in B. cinerea spores and newly formed germ tubes. This study also suggests that BDDE possibly interacts with DNA via intercalation and minor groove binding. The studies provide evidence that BDDE has potential application in the control of gray mold after fruit harvest and the compound could serve as a candidate or lead template for rational drug design and for the development of antifungal agents.     

设施番茄灰霉病菌孢子扩散动态与田间病情相关性

以捕捉孢子的方法观察设施番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子扩散的时间和空间动态,结果表明番茄灰霉病菌分生孢子在温棚内扩散是随机的,不同高度孢子捕捉量没有明显差异.番茄灰霉菌分生孢子扩散主要集中在白天,从8：00到20：00,孢子捕捉量占全天总量的88.4 % ,而8：00以前和20：00以后孢子捕捉量较小,仅占全天总量的11.6% ,每日10：00 后捕孢量开始迅速增加,而16：00 后明显下降以10：00～16：00 的捕孢量最多最稳定,1d中最大捕孢量出现在12：00～14：00 时.分生孢子捕捉量与对应田间病情指数呈显著正相关（R=0.8850,P〈0.01）,因此通过捕捉分生孢子,并监测其扩散动态,预测番茄灰霉病的发生期及防治适期具备可行性.     

80%腐霉利WP对葡萄灰霉病防效试验

针对不同浓度80%腐霉利WP进行葡萄灰霉病的田间防效试验研究。结果表明:在葡萄灰霉病发病初期,公顷用药量(有效成分)333-500mg/kg兑水750kg,对葡萄灰霉病有较好的防治效果。喷药间隔期为7d,共喷2次。药后7d防治效果在77.06%-82.34%之间,对葡萄生长安全。     

辽宁省蔬菜灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的抗药性

2006年从辽宁省不同地区采集蔬菜灰霉病果或病叶,经分离共获得灰霉病菌株86株。采用菌丝生长速率法测定了其对嘧霉胺的敏感性。试验结果表明,灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺产生中等水平抗药性,抗性频率为17.41%。经紫外、药剂联合诱导获得了高抗菌株,抗性倍数最高达62.78倍。嘧霉胺与多菌灵和腐霉利间不存在交互抗药性,苯胺基嘧啶类杀菌剂之间存在交互抗性。野生抗性菌株具有较好的遗传稳定性,连续转接9次后抗药性无明显下降。不同菌株的菌丝生长速度、鲜重和产孢量存在明显差异,但该差异与灰霉病菌对嘧霉胺的敏感性无相关性。     

Economic performance and comparative riskiness of different management practices for control of botrytis fruit rot in florida strawberry

Florida strawberry farmers usually rely on weekly calendar fungicide applications to prevent yield loss from Botrytis fruit rot (BFR). The Strawberry Advisory System (SAS), which helps optimize the timing of fungicide applications, is an additional tool in the farmers' arsenal of disease control options. This study uses data from two-year production trials in Florida combined with historical strawberry prices to measure the economic performance of the Calendar and SAS-based BFR management practices under output price risk and producers' risk preferences. We use Monte Carlo simulation to model the effect of the variability in weekly output prices on farm returns. Results reveal that the traditional calendar-based system is not the least risky BFR management option as growers expected to be. SAS-based options such as SAS-Switch and SAS-Luna would be preferred by both risk-neutral and risk-averse producers and are recommended under high disease pressure conditions.     

草莓灰霉病菌对速克灵的抗性研究

速克灵对草莓灰霉病具有很好的防治效果,但长期、单一使用很容易使草莓灰霉病菌产生抗药性。为合理使用这类杀菌剂,延缓或防止抗药性的产生,笔者通过UV-C诱变草莓灰霉病菌敏感菌株CF1获得了对速克灵具有高抗性的突变株CF1-1和CF1-2,并对抗性突变株的生长量、产孢量和致病力进行了研究,结果表明:CF1-1与CF1-2对速克灵抗性程度高,抗性水平与敏感菌株相比分别增加了484.6倍和911.0倍。抗性菌株在无速克灵的培养基上菌丝生长较敏感菌株弱,产孢量也明显少于敏感菌株;但其引起草莓离体叶片发病较敏感菌株重,病斑大且边缘颜色深;薄片黄瓜测定结果也表明,在无速克灵的情况下,敏感菌株CF1引起发病较重;而在有药条件下CF1受到一定抑制,但抗性菌株仍能致黄瓜片发病。将抗性菌株连续培养7代后对速克灵的抗性仍是相对稳定的。     

外源壳聚糖诱导番茄抗灰霉病的作用

[目的]为了明确壳聚糖对番番茄茄幼苗抗灰霉病的诱导作用。[方法]采用叶面喷施的方法,测定了壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病诱抗效果以及番茄叶片中叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、愈创木酚过氧化物酶（POD）、丙二醛（MDA）、脯氨酸的影响。[结果]壳聚糖对番茄灰霉病的诱抗效果14d时达到58.26%;与灰霉病菌处理组相比,壳聚糖处理组番茄幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量最高增加34.63%、可溶性蛋白含量增加5.30%、可溶性糖含量增加10.83%、游离脯氨酸含量增加16.21%、POD含量增加16.88%、MDA含量降低16.54%。[结论]外源壳聚糖可以提高番茄幼苗光合利用率和保护酶活性从而提高番茄幼苗对灰霉病的抗性。