黄瓜子叶法筛选蔬菜灰霉病杀菌剂的研究

研究了以“黄瓜子叶法”为特征的蔬菜灰霉病杀菌剂的筛选模式.采用本方法标准药剂速克灵、扑海因获得很好的重复性;接种最适宜的分生孢子浓度为1×10~5/ml;菌丝菌龄对实验结果有明显的影响;采用浸渍法或喷雾法进行药剂处理对实验结果影响不大,但前者操作似更简单.供试乳化剂、溶剂中,除农乳700号及二甲基甲酰胺之外,对蔬菜灰霉病菌均无明显的影响.     

A new plant-based bioassay for aquatic sediments

Background, Goal and Scope  To date, standardised bioassays for the assessment of the ecotoxicological potential in sediments and dredged material use test organisms like bacteria, algae and crustaceae. This paper presents the development and application of a novel sediment contact test (whole sediment) withMyriophyllum aquaticum, a representative of rooted aquatic macrophytes. The aim of the present study is to demonstrate the value of a sediment contact test with rooted macrophytes as a supplement to existing test batteries in order to improve the assessment of sediment toxicity. Methods  The newly developed sediment contact test withMyriophylhim aquaticum was applied to natural whole sediments. For performing the test, whorls ofMyriophyllum aquaticum were directly planted in the native sediment and incubated in the light at 24°C (cf. section results and discussion). The end points of the test were the number of the shoots and the fresh weight of the whole plants. The duckweed growth inhibition test withLemna minor according to ISO/DIS 20079 was performed in pore waters from sediment samples. The results of the sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum were compared with each other and with those of the aquatic duckweed test. Results and Discussion  A test protocol for the new plant-based sediment contact test using the aquatic plantMyriophyllum aquaticum as an indicator was developed. The best control sediment proved to be the OECD sediment (OECD 207). A test period of 10 days appeared to be sufficient for the test. The increase of biomass and the derived growth rate were found to be the most suitable evaluation parameters. The growth behaviour ofMyriophyllum aquaticum differed depending on the origin of sediments. Therefore, plant-affecting contamination, that is bound in sediments, was indicated. Conclusions  The novel sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum can indicate phytotoxic effects in sediments. Therefore, it allows a better assessment of the overall-toxicity in whole sediments. Recommendations and Outlook  The sediment contact test withMyriophyllum aquaticum is a valuable tool for the evaluation of the ecotoxicological risk potential of waters and sediments. It should become a complement to a standardised test battery generally used for the assessment of sediment toxicity.     

Protozoan bioassays of soil amended with sewage sludge and heavy metals,using the common soil ciliate Colpoda steinii

The common soil protozoan Colpoda steinii was used to study the toxicity of sulphate solutions of Ni, Cd, Cu, and Zn. The growth of C. steinii was reduced by 50% in the presence of 0.10, 0.22, 0.25, and 0.85 mg litre^-1 of Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn, respectively, during 24 h of incubation at 25°C, as calculated from a regression analysis of probit-transformed data. The same growth assay was used to assess the toxicity of soil solution extracted by centrifugation from soil samples of field plots of a grass/clover ley on a sandy loam treated with sewage sludge spiked with additional Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, or Zn at concentrations either equivalent to or twice the limits for heavy metals recommended in recent EC guidelines (Commission of European Communities directive 86/278/EEC). The toxicity of these soil solutions varied with the season of the year. None of the soil solutions extracted in winter (February 1991) inhibited the growth of C. steinii. In summer (July 1991), the growth was reduced in solutions extracted from plots that were amended with sludge plus additional Zn or Ni at twice the maxima recommended by the EC. The changes in toxicity to C. steinii of the soil solutions between February and July were positively correlated with increases in heavy metal concentrations of Zn and Ni between winter and summer. These preliminary results suggest that regular protozoan bioassays may be used to monitor the biological availability of heavy metals in soils, especially when combined with other microbial assays and with chemical analyses of soil solutions.     

螺虫乙酯对烟粉虱的防治效果评价

采用室内毒力测定与田间试验相结合的方法,研究了螺虫乙酯（Movento）对烟粉虱的防治效果。室内毒力测定结果表明：96 %螺虫乙酯原药对烟粉虱卵和若虫都具有非常高的杀虫活性,LC50分别为18.91 mg?L-1和14.97 mg?L-1,与对照95 %吡虫啉没有显著差异|但对烟粉虱成虫的杀虫效果并不十分理想,LC50达到了453.34 mg?L-1,且显著高于对照95 %吡虫啉。田间试验结果表明：24 %螺虫乙酯悬浮剂（SC）对烟粉虱有良好的防效和持效性,且螺虫乙酯与Biopower（助剂）混用的防效明显优于螺虫乙酯单独使用的效果|螺虫乙酯与0.2 %〔0.24 g?（667 m2）-1〕Biopower混用,药后1～28 d对烟粉虱的防效分别为64.91 %～66.92 %、82.00 %～82.59 %、88.11 %～89.97 %、89.99 %～93.94 %和91.10 %～93.56 %。     

杀菌剂开发中的室内生物测定

针对杀菌剂开发中的室内生物测定,探讨了活体和离体的相互关系,生物测定类型的选择问题,同时从多角度阐述了杀菌剂生物测定的创新途径。     

新蚜虫疠霉菌株KM0107的产孢量及其对不同蚜虫的毒力

采用孢子浴法测定了新蚜虫疠霉(Pandora neoaphidis)KM0107菌株在RH85%、光周期L:D=12:12、不同温度(15、18、21、25、28℃)条件下的产孢量及其对桃蚜(Myzus persicae)、萝卜蚜[Lipaphis erysimi(Kaltenbach)]、麦长管蚜[Sitobion avenae(Fabrici-us)]、豌豆长管蚜(Macrosiphum pisi)和玉米蚜[Rhopalosiphum maidis(Fitch)]的毒力。结果表明,在28℃条件下菌株KM0107的产孢量最高,培养30 min时产孢量为99.60±4.04孢子。该菌株对桃蚜、萝卜蚜、麦长管蚜、豌豆长管蚜和玉米蚜均具有一定的毒力,在高剂量82.42孢子/mm2的接种剂量下,麦长管蚜、豌豆长管蚜、萝卜蚜、桃蚜和玉米蚜的累积死亡率分别为(92.75±3.54)%、(73.33±4.32)%、(93.75±4.53)%、(98.21±5.46)%、(92.00±5.63)%;致死中分别为(2.3±0.42)、(3.2±0.35)、(2.7±0.35)、(2.6±0.32)、(3.5±0.25)d;接种处理后第7 d致死中量分别为1.61、1.72、1.63、1.53、1.59孢子/mm2。     

几种苏云金芽孢杆菌杀虫晶体蛋白对黑龙江省主要蔬菜害虫小菜蛾活性分析

利用已克隆的3种Bt cry基因cry1Ca、cry1Ia、cry2Ab和1种野生菌株HD-73(cry1Ac)表达的4种Bt Cry杀虫晶体蛋白,对小菜蛾进行生物活性分析,并将Cry1Ac杀虫晶体蛋白分别与其它3种蛋白按1:1的比例组合,对小菜蛾进行生物活性测定.结果表明:单独使用Cry1Ac的活性最高,LC50为2.39 μg/mL,Cry1Ac与Cry2Ab混合对小菜蛾的具有较高的毒力,LC50为48.91,高于其它组合.     

马尾松抽出物对盐水虾幼体的致死活性

盐水虾（Ａｒｔｅｍｉａｓａｌｉｎａ．Ｌ）法是一种简单、易行,对多种生物学活性都有效的生物测定法。通过实验测出活性成分和抽出物在盐水培养基中的中央致死浓度ＬＣ５０（μｇ／ｍｌ）,结果表明马尾松抽出物对盐水虾幼体具致死活性。     

化学药剂防治水稻纹枯病的新筛选方法：蚕豆叶片法

本研究以建立简便,快速的杀菌剂筛选方法为目村,在前人研究工作的基础上,建立了适用于水稻纹枯病杀菌剂生物测定模式－蚕豆叶片法,试验表明,该方法具有测定结果准确,方法简便,取材容易等优点。采用该方法对Ｐｅｎｃｙｃｕｒｏｎ,井岗霉素进行试验,获得了国内外报导一致的结果,与水稻植株法的防治效果,具有高的相关性。     

SfaMNPV-D克隆株感染小菜蛾的生物测定

芹菜夜蛾核型多角体病毒-D克隆株感染2龄和3龄小菜蛾幼虫,测得LC50分别为2.01×105和2.82×107PIBs/lml,相同浓度的病毒感染小菜蛾,致死率与幼虫虫龄呈负相关。