锤片式饲料粉碎机分离装置设计与试验

为了研究锤片式饲料粉碎机分离装置应具有的合理形状,通过计算物料沿外管壁运动时摩擦力所做的功,得到摩擦力做功最小时外管壁的曲线形状,并根据该形状制作了分离装置。利用ANSYS Workbench软件中的Fluent模块对改进前后分离装置内物料的运动规律进行气-固两相流模拟,比较2种分离装置内的玉米颗粒浓度及玉米颗粒速度分布情况。对2种分离装置的物料输送效果进行了实际粉碎试验,利用高速摄像技术对比2种分离装置内的玉米颗粒分布情况;在不同转速和喂料量的情况下比较2种分离装置对物料的运输分离效果。软件模拟和试验结果均表明:当转速在1 500~3 500 r/min间变化时,新分离装置比原分离装置出料量高0.18~0.3 kg/s。当转速一定时,喂料量越接近理论设计料量,新分离装置的出料量越高于原分离装置。当转速为2 500 r/min,喂料量为5kg时,二者出料量相差约0.01 kg/s。     

Effects of substrate sterilization,fungicide treatment,and mycorrhization helper bacteria on ectomycorrhizal formation of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) inoculated with Laccaria laccata in two peat bare-root nurseries

Summary Pedunculate oak seedlings (Quercus robur) inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria lacata were grown for 1 year on fertilized sphagnum peat in two nurseries. Three factors affecting microbial populations in the substrate were studied, fungicide treatment of the seeds, peat disinfection before sowing (methyl bromide or steam pasteurization), and inoculation with mycorrhization helper bacteria. Treatment of acorns with Iprodione had no depressive effect on mycorrhiza formation. Both disinfection techniques were equivalent, stimulating or depressing mycorrhiza formation depending on the initial microflora in the peat. The introduction of two previously selected mycorrhization helper bacteria (one Pseudomonas fluorescens and one unidentified fluorescent pseudomonad), isolated from L. laccata sporocarps associated with Douglas fir—L. laccata ectomycorrhizas in other nurseries, significantly increased the mycorrhizal rate from 30 to 53% of the short roots. The implications of these results for the controlled mycorrhization of planting stocks and the specificity of mycorrhization helper bacteria are discussed.     

粪水离心分离机的研制

从生产实践出发,根据畜禽粪便处理的需要,设计了9LF-4.0型离心机。锥形转鼓是离心力自动卸料离心机中的关键部件。文中叙述了转鼓的强度计算、振动计算、减振设计、锥角与过滤介质的选用等。通过猪场粪水和鸡场粪水的离心试验表明该机能满足畜禽场粪水固液分离的需要,并具有结构简单、价格低廉、操作方便、能连续作业等优点。     

上海地区畜禽场大、中型沼气工程沼渣液后处理技术调查研究

提高沼渣液分离率的工程工艺技术在减轻后处理的工作量上起重要作用;沼渣液的后处理工程技术与发酵原料有极密切关系。猪鸡食谷类,谷物的比重>1,在水中发生沉淀,可采取沉降分离、离心分离法;而牛主食草料,因草的比重<1比水轻,在水中产生悬浮与上浮现象,故对牛粪沼渣液的分离只能采取筛滤分离方法。其后,对分离的猪鸡牛粪沼液均可采取氧化沟塘;农田漫流由土壤、生物、藻类、水生植物逐级降解;在有条件的地方可采用种植蔬菜等旱作物,应用沼液地下渗灌施肥兼污水处理,经土壤吸附利用后可做到达标排放,有效地防治了水质污染。     

粪水离心分离机的研制

从生产实践出发,根据畜禽粪便处理的需要,设计了9LF-4.0型离心机。锥形转鼓是离心力自动卸料离心机中的关键部件。文中叙述了转鼓的强度计算、振动计算、减振设计、锥角与过滤介质的选用等。通过猪场粪水和鸡场粪水的离心试验表明该机能满足畜禽场粪水固液分离的需要,并具有结构简单、价格低廉、操作方便、能连续作业等优点。     

Microbial populations,enzyme activities and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium enrichment in earthworm casts and in the surrounding soil of a pineapple plantation

Summary Total populations of bacteria and fungi, dehydrogenase activity (as a measure of total potential microbial activity), and urease and phosphatase activities were determined in earthworm casts and surrounding laterite soils planted to pineapple. The casts contained higher microbial populations and enzyme activities than the soil. Except for fungal populations, statistically significant (P = 0.05) increases were found in all other parameters. Microbial populations and enzyme activities showed similar temporal trends with higher values in spring and summer and lower values in winter. The earthworm casts contained higher amounts of N, P, K and organic C than the soil (P = 0.05). Selective feeding by earthworms on organically rich substrates, which break down during passage through the gut, is likely to be responsible for the higher microbial populations and greater enzyme activity in the casts.     

枯草芽孢杆菌SO113分泌蛋白的抑菌作用及抗菌蛋白的分离纯化

枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis)SO113对水稻白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae）有强烈的抑菌作用（表现出一透明抑菌圈）。培养液上清中加入60％饱和度的硫酸铵沉淀所得的蛋白粗提液对热稳定，对链霉蛋白酶E不敏感，对蛋白酶K部分敏感，对中国各稻区白叶枯病菌的7种致病型都有强烈的抑杀作用，蛋白粗提液100℃加热15min后脱盐，经DEAE0－Sepharose Fast Flow柱层析得3个未分开的抗菌活性峰，示吸附部分经CM－Sepharose Fast Flow柱层析，得到1个主活性峰，由于B.subtilis SO113的分泌蛋白对水稻白叶枯病菌表现出良好的广谱抗性以及丰富的抗菌活性峰，因此对其进一步的研究和设法隆编码抗菌蛋白的基因都具有重要意义。     

Fungal biomass in pastures increases with age and reduced N input

Previous studies have shown that soil fungal biomass increases towards more natural, mature systems. Shifts to a fungal-based soil food web have previously been observed with abandonment of agricultural fields and extensification of agriculture. In a previous field experiment we found increased fungal biomass with reduced N fertilisation. Here, we explore relationships between fungi, bacteria, N input and grassland age on real dairy farms in the Netherlands. We hypothesised that also in pastures that are still in production there is a negative relationship between fungal biomass and fertilisation, and that fungal biomass increases with grassland age in pastures that are still in production. We expected the fungal/bacterial biomass ratio to show the same responses, as this ratio has often been used as an indicator for management changes. We sampled 48 pastures from eight organic dairy farms. Sites differed in age and fertilisation rate. We determined fungal and bacterial biomass, as well as ergosterol (a fungal biomarker). Fungal and bacterial biomass and ergosterol, showed a negative relationship with N application rate, and correlated positively with organic matter percentage. In old pastures, fungal biomass and ergosterol were higher than in younger pastures. Because bacterial biomass responded in the same way as fungal biomass, the F/B ratio remained constant, and can therefore—in our data set—not be used as an indicator for changing management. We conclude that the changes in fungal and bacterial biomass were driven by changes in organic matter quality and quantity. The negative relationship we found between N application rate and fungal biomass adds to earlier work and confirms the presence of this relationship in pastures with relatively small differences in management intensities. Earlier studies on shifts in fungal biomass focused on ex-agricultural fields or restoration projects. Here we show that fungal biomass is also higher in older agricultural pastures.     

玫瑰黄链霉菌Men-myco-93-63有效成分的初步提取与纯化

为了解玫瑰黄链霉菌Men-myco-93-63的代谢产物和其生物活性,对该菌株进行摇瓶培养,从菌丝中提取到一种对棉花黄萎病菌有明显抑制作用的有效成分。经过XAD-1600型大孔吸附树脂,ODS C18硅胶中压柱分离得到黄白色粉末。HPLC检测后,初步断定该物质是一类非常相似的物质组成的混合物,并且极有可能具备互变异构的特性。     

冀北水稻田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性研究

为探讨冀北水稻田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性,以承德地区水稻主产区（河北隆化,河北滦平）稻田土壤为试验材料,采用高通量测序技术,对水稻大田土壤细菌群落结构和多样性进行研究。结果表明：不同地区水稻田土壤微生物多样性存在差异,其中样本ZYY.CKD9中微生物多样性最高且有益菌较多,主要有硫杆菌属（Thiobacillus）、拟衣藻属（Dechloromonas）和地杆菌属（Geobacter）;但也存在共有细菌菌群,如Kaistobacter、溶杆菌属（Lysobacter）、乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus）、Candidatus_Solibacter、硫杆菌属（Thiobacillus）、红长命菌属（Rubrivivax）、拟衣藻属（Dechloromonas）、Anaeromyxobacter、硝化螺旋菌属（Nitrospira）等;PCA分析结果显示,土壤细菌群落结构空间相关性不明显。这为冀北水稻田土壤修复、病害防治及功能菌肥开发,促进水稻高产栽培提供依据。