Customer adapted grading of Scots pine sawn timber using a multivariate method

To define new grading rules, or to customize the ones in use in a rule-based automatic grading (RBAG) system of boards, is a time-consuming job for a sawmill engineer. This has the effect that changes are rarely made. The objective of this study was to continue the development of a method that replaces the calibration of grading rule settings by a holistic-subjective automatic grading, using multivariate models. The objective was also to investigate if this approach can improve sawmill profitability and at the same time have a satisfied customer. For the study, 323 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) boards were manually graded according to the preferences of an important customer. That is, a customer that regularly purchases significant volumes of sawn timber. This manual grading was seen as reference grading in this work. The same boards were also scanned and graded by a RBAG system, calibrated for the same customer. Multivariate models for prediction of board grade based on aggregated knot variables, obtained from the scanning, were calibrated using partial least squares regression. The results show that prediction of board grades by the multivariate models were more correct, with respect to the manual grading, than the grading by the RBAG system. The prediction of board grades based on multivariate models resulted in 76–87% of the boards graded correctly, according to the manual grading, while the corresponding number was 63% for the RBAG system.     

番木瓜组织培养概况

概述了近年来国内外番木瓜组织培养技术研究进展,并对番木瓜组织培养中影响因素、存在问题及今后发展进行了探讨。     

A variance-covariance structure to take into account repeated measurements and heteroscedasticity in growth modeling

This study proposes a within-subject variance-covariance (VC) structure to take into account repeated measurements and heteroscedasticity in a context of growth modeling. The VC structure integrates a variance function and a continuous autoregressive covariance structure. It was tested on a nonlinear growth model parameterized with data from permanent sample plots. Using a stand-level approach, basal area growth was independently modeled for red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) and balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] in mixed stands. For both species, the implementation of the VC structure significantly improved the maximum likelihood of the model. In both cases, it efficiently accounted for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation, since the normalized residuals no longer exhibited departures from the assumptions of independent error terms with homogeneous variances. Moreover, compared with traditional nonlinear least squares (NLS) models, models parameterized with this VC structure may generate more accurate predictions when prior information is available. This case study demonstrates that the implementation of a VC structure may provide parameter estimates that are consistent with asymptotically unbiased variances in a context of nonlinear growth modeling using a stand-level approach. Since the variances are no longer biased, the hypothesis tests performed on the estimates are valid when the number of observations is large.     

Emergence timing affects root-collar diameter and mortality in loblolly pine seedbeds

Eight half-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were sown in a nursery. Total germination, speed and uniformity of germination, root-collar diameters, mortality, and percent cull were recorded by family. Families which germinated quickest attained the greatest average diameters at the end of the growing season. Low variability in date of emergence led to correspondingly low variability in seedling diameter. When data for all families were combined, seedlings which emerged earliest experienced the lowest mortality, had the largest diameters, and produced the fewest culls.     

Experimental verification of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Lasioderma serricorne</Emphasis> (F.) pupa development threshold previously defined using the thermal constant equation K=D(T−t)

This work verifies the development threshold of the pupal stage of L. serricorne whose larva fed exclusively on dried tobacco leaves. In previous work, using the thermal constant equation, this threshold was found to be 13.8 °C and the thermal constant to range from 89.05 to 94.05 day-degrees (°C). Lower temperatures, 10.5±0.5, 11.5±0.5 and 12.5±0.5 °C, close to this threshold, were tested in the absence of light and at a relative humidity of 65±3% . It was found that no development of either larva or pupa exists below this threshold     

在相同生境不同发生年代的异地取样编制害虫生命表的研究

本研究采用在相同生境不同发生年代的异地取样法,仅用一年时间,对一年一代的青杨天牛(Saperda Populean L.)编制了7个单世代生命表,与用常规累积同种害虫生命表的方法相比缩短了时间,并与通过五年编制的5个单世代生命表比较,存活曲线相同,关键因子一致,各致死因子死亡率的大小顺序也基本一致。说明这种累积生命表的方法在实践中是可行的。     

试论火与兴安落叶松种子发芽条件的关系

兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)自然分布区大兴安岭的立地条件和种子发芽条件的特殊性,导致了兴安落叶松天然更新的特殊性。瘠薄的棕色针叶林土,生长季短、冬季漫长以及土壤表层较厚的死地被物层增加了天然更新的难度。然而兴安落叶松的天然更新效果却是令人满意的。兴安落叶松在母树林冠下更新良好,只是在某些林型如草类落叶松林的成熟林冠下更新不良;而在3—10年的择伐迹地和火烧迹地上平均每公顷有13500株幼树。大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松火烧迹地天然更新良好的奥秘何在?火灾后兴安落叶松的种子发芽条件如何?火灾在这方面的作用是什么?作者从天然更新的关键之一——种子     

柳树杂交育种研究

通过多年田间试验证明，旱柳×爆竹柳８号、旱柳×旱柳１０号、钻天柳×白皮柳９号在察右前旗表现速生、抗逆性强的特性。     

应用生物药剂防治舞毒蛾的研究

在2003年,在内蒙古林区利用舞毒蛾核型多角体病毒、BtMP-342、性引诱剂和植物制剂等多种生物措施对舞毒蛾(Lymantria dispar L.)进行防治试验.利用两种浓度(2.632×106 PIB·mL-1 and 2.632×107 PIB·mL-1)的舞毒蛾核型多角体病毒对舞毒蛾2龄幼虫进行喷洒试验,防治效果分别达到70%和77.8%.BtMP0-342被用于舞毒蛾3、4龄幼虫的防治,防治效果达80%.性引诱剂在诱捕舞毒蛾成虫时也显示了良好的效果.自制的植物性杀虫剂是从大兴安岭地区有毒植物中提取的植物性杀虫活性物质,对舞毒蛾的幼虫具有良好的防治效果,在实验室内应用原液防治舞毒蛾3,5龄幼虫的效果达82%.     

浙江丽水柿子研究初报

对浙江丽水柿子主要的５个优良品种的生物学特性及优良性状作了描述，进而简略介绍它们的栽培技术及采收、脱涩加工的方法。