胡椒和肉桂挥发性组成分析及对普通大蓟马的驱避作用

豇豆农药残留问题非常严峻, 对豇豆上普通大蓟马的化学防治是造成豇豆农残超标的主要原因, 开展普通大蓟马的绿色防治迫在眉睫。利用植物挥发物驱避害虫是一种重要的害虫绿色防控手段。本研究利用GC-MS分析了胡椒和肉桂的挥发性化合物组成, 并利用“Y”形嗅觉仪测定了胡椒和肉桂及5种主要挥发物对普通大蓟马的驱避作用。结果表明, 在胡椒中鉴定出27种挥发性成分, 主要成分为β-石竹烯, 含量占43.1%; 在肉桂中鉴定出21种挥发性成分, 主要成分为肉桂醛(28.4%)、α-可巴烯(15.4%)、α-依兰油烯(14.1%)、γ-杜松烯(14.9%)。行为反应测定结果表明胡椒和肉桂对普通大蓟马分别具有极显著和显著的驱避作用; β-石竹烯、肉桂醛、α-可巴烯浓度为10%和1%时对普通大蓟马具有极显著的驱避作用, 10%的α-依兰油烯和10%的γ-杜松烯对普通大蓟马分别具有极显著和显著的驱避作用。本研究对豇豆普通大蓟马绿色防控技术研发和驱避剂的开发具有一定指导意义。     

Response of industrial hemp to Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities under organic and conventional fertilisation

A 2-year field study was conducted to determine the effects of different nutrition systems and Salsola kali subsp. tragus densities on industrial hemp yield and its components. Experiments were conducted as a split plot in a randomised complete block design with three replicates. Factors were fertilisation (poultry manure, vermicompost and nitrogen fertiliser) as the main plot and weed density (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 plants/m²) as the subplot. Results indicated that the maximum number of racemes per plant, seeds per raceme, 1000-seed weight, biomass, grain yield and harvest index (HI) of industrial hemp were obtained using vermicompost and were reduced with nitrogen fertiliser application. All measured properties in hemp plants decreased due to increasing S. kali subsp. tragus density, especially at 15 and 20 plants/m². The most significant reduction in hemp grain yield and its components was observed by increasing weed density with the application of nitrogen fertiliser. The application of vermicompost at high weed densities resulted in greater hemp grain yield and its components compared with nitrogen fertiliser. It is recommended to apply organic fertilisers, especially vermicompost at high S. kali subsp. tragus densities.     

钾肥种类和施钾时期对油葵产量及品质的影响

为分析钾肥种类和施钾时期对油葵产量以及品质的影响,选取油葵杂交品种陇葵杂3号,采用2因素3水平（2个钾肥种类：氯化钾（F1）、硫酸钾(F2);3个施钾时期：全部种前基施（T1）、 50% 基施+50%现蕾期追施（T2）、 25%基施+50%现蕾期追施+25%花期追施（T3））随机区组试验设计,于2014-2016年在甘肃省景泰条山农场进行田间试验。结果表明：KCl和K₂SO₄这两个钾肥品种的盘径、千粒重、粗脂肪含量、产油量、亚麻酸含量间没有明显的差异。与施用K₂SO₄相比,施用KCl的产量在2014年显著增加,F1T2的产量较F2T2增加了4.96%,F1T3较F2T3增加了4.06%。出仁率、油酸含量在2015年和2016年显著增加,F1T1的出仁率较F2T1在2015年和2016年分别增加了1.50%、2.99%,F1T2的出仁率较F2T2在2015年和2016年分别增加了1.76%、19.7%;2015年F1T2的油酸含量较F2T2增加了5.92%;2016年F1T3的油酸含量较F2T3增加了9.09%。粗蛋白含量在2014年和2016年显著降低,F2T3的粗蛋白含量较F1T3在2014年和2016年分别增加了9.95%、8.87%。粗蛋白产量在2016年显著降低,F2T3的粗蛋白产量在2016年较F1T3增加9.29%。亚油酸含量在2015年和2016年显著降低, F1T3的亚油酸含量较F2T3在2015年和2016年分别增加了3.17%和3.03%。施钾时期对油葵的盘径、亚麻酸含量没有显著影响,但对油葵的千粒重、出仁率、产量、蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、粗脂肪含量、产油量、油酸、亚油酸影响显著。钾肥的最佳施用时期为基施。油葵产量与盘径、千粒重、出仁率均有显著的正相关关系,油酸和亚油酸之间存在负相关关系。     

乌龟肌肉营养价值的评定

分析结果表明,乌龟的水分、总糖、灰分含量分别为80 24%,0 66%和0 95%。乌龟肌肉的蛋白质含量达16 64%,必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的49 16%和43 39%,氨基酸组成中以Glu含量最为丰富,Ie是第一限制性氨基酸,氨基酸分为82 63;乌龟肌肉脂肪含量为1 51%,脂肪酸组成以C18∶1为主,达39.32%,其次为C16∶0及C22∶6,不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的76 83%。     

贵州十大名茶挥发性成分的分析

乙醚超声提取贵州十大名茶的挥发性成分,并通过气相色谱-质谱联用法对挥发性成分进行分析结果表明,贵州十大名茶的挥发性成分的种类及含量差异较大,在各种茶叶的挥发性成分中,醇类及酯物质的含量较高。     

Management of nematodes and a stalk borer by increasing within-field sugarcane cultivar diversity

The aim of this study was to determine whether an increase in plant diversity could modify the structure of the nematode community in favour of less pathogenic species and whether it affected the lepidopteran stalk borer, Eldana saccharina . Four sugarcane cultivars were planted either singly or as a mixture in the furrow. Nematodes were enumerated when the crops were 6 months old for five successive 10 to 13 month old crop cycles. Results showed that the mixture of cultivars had little significant impact on the overall abundance of the plant-parasitic or free-living nematodes. However, the nematode community structure within the mixture was slightly different to that observed on any single cultivar planted on its own and there was a higher than expected proportion of Helicotylenchus dihystera during the first three crops. With successive crops and in all treatments, there was an overall trend of increasing proportions of Meloidogyne javanica in the nematode community. However, the way that the change in the species-balance occurred in the mixed cultivar plots suggested a resistance to the evolving dominance of M. javanica . These results showed that sugarcane cultivars interacted within the rhizosphere when planted in a mixture because the observed nematode community in the mixture differed from that expected. The level of damage caused by E. saccharina was slightly lower in the mixture than expected from the actual cultivar composition.     

红果米仔兰杀虫活性成分及毒力的初步研究

为探索楝科植物红果米仔兰的杀虫活性,本以生物活性跟踪法对该种植物的叶的活性成分进行了初步研究,并测定了活性物质对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力。叶的甲醇抽提物活性高于氯仿抽提物和石油醚抽提物。甲醇抽提物经氯仿萃取,所得萃取物通过柱层析,分离得到的４号流份Ｆ４有最高活性。Ｆ４对斜纹夜蛾４龄幼虫的拒食中浓度（ＡＦＣ５０）为０．１２％,致死中浓度（ＬＣ５０）为０．１３％,抑制生长发育中浓度（ＥＣ５０）为０．２１％。     

茶树育种品质早期化学鉴定——Ⅰ.鲜叶的主要生化组分与红茶品质的关系

用直线和曲线模型,模拟分析了38个品种(系)一芽二三叶鲜叶中的主要生化组分与红茶感官品质的关系。结果表明,水浸出物(We)与红茶品质(BQ)的关系可用直线模型(BQ=67.1204+0.4196We)来模拟;茶多酚(Ph)、咖啡碱(Cf)与红茶品质的关系宜用渐近曲线模型(BQ=91.9736-206.0034 Ph~(-1),BQ=89.8686-26.9622 Cf~(-1))来描述;氨基酸(A),酚氨比(P/A)与红茶品质的关系可用二次曲线[BQ=73.84+15.4138A-4.9612A~2,BQ     

Wet aggregate stability as affected by excess carbonate and other soil properties

Aggregate stability is a fundamental property influencing soil erodibility and hydraulic characteristics. Knowledge of soil components controlling aggregate stability is very important to soil structure conservation. The objective of this study, which was carried out in surface soils from central Greece, was to relate wet aggregate stability to selected soil properties, with emphasis on excessive free carbonate content. The wet‐sieving technique of air‐dried aggregates was used for structural stability evaluation, according to a test that calculates an instability index. The soils studied were developed on Tertiary marly parent material and ranged in calcium carbonate content from 5 to 641 g kg⁻¹. From the texture analysis before and after removal of carbonates, it was concluded that carbonates mainly contributed to total silt and sand fractions, that is to the mechanical fractions which, as a rule, negatively affect aggregate stability. The results of the correlation analysis showed that aggregate stability was positively affected by aluminosilicate clay content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and Al‐containing sesquioxides. Clay fraction from carbonates and total sand and silt negatively affected aggregate stability. CEC has been proved a very significant determinant of aggregate stability, which in a hyperbolic form relationship with instability index explained 78·9 per cent of aggregate stability variation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of predictions of baking volume using large deformation rheological properties

Three large deformation rheological tests, the Kieffer dough extensibility system, the D/R dough inflation system and the 2 g mixograph test, were carried out on doughs made from a large number of winter wheat lines and cultivars grown in Poland. These lines and cultivars represented a broad spread in baking performance in order to assess their suitability as predictors of baking volume. The parameters most closely associated with baking volume were strain hardening index, bubble failure strain, and mixograph bandwidth at 10 min. Simple correlations with baking volume indicate that bubble failure strain and strain hardening index give the highest correlations, whilst the use of best subsets regression, which selects the best combination of parameters, gave increased correlations with R²=0.865 for dough inflation parameters, R²=0.842 for Kieffer parameters and R²=0.760 for mixograph parameters.