7个苹果新品种在贵州威宁引种试验初报

引进7个苹果新品种在贵州省威宁县开展了比较试验,对各品种的植株生长发育及果实品质进行了分析。初步认为:皇家嘎啦、红将军和2001富士适合在当地推广种植。     

云南苹果干腐病的侵染规律与化学防治研究

苹果干腐病是云南一些苹果园内为害严重的病害之一,国内尚无系统研究的报道。笔者经过两年多的研究,查明昆明地区该病害的病原菌是以菌丝体、分生孢子器、假囊壳在病斑中越冬;次年春末夏初,越冬菌丝体产生的分生孢子或病部越冬的分生孢子、子囊孢子进行初侵染。经分离、接种、鉴定,确定病原是葡萄座腔菌 Botryosphaeria dothidea(Moung.)Ces et de Not.。小型防治试验及大面积防治示范的结果表明:加强果园管理,增强树势,清除初侵染源,彻底刮除病斑并及时用药等综合防治措施有良好的防治和增产效果,特别是用铁锈明矶液保护刮除病部,效果明显,可大面积推广。     

Botryosphaeria dothidea在苹果果实上的侵染过程(英文)

对Botryosphaeria dothidea通过皮孔侵入果实的过程进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察,发现接种后2d分生孢子完成萌发和附着胞形成过程。接种后10d,菌丝体在皮孔表面缓慢生长。从20￣30d菌丝体加速扩展并形成几个分枝,通常从皮孔外围侵入果实,但仅限于皮孔表面组织。从40～50d,菌丝体扩展更为繁茂,一些菌丝开始突入皮孔的第2层组织。接种皮孔中可检测到多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG),但活性比对照高。皮孔有3层,第1层为含果胶的死组织,易被病菌侵染降解,底部的第3层非常坚固,是阻止病菌侵染的有效屏障。随果实发育,皮孔大小、数目和裂口均有规律地增加。我们的研究结果进一步证实了苹果轮纹病的潜伏侵染特性。     

气候变化背景下中国苹果适宜种植区北移西扩：基于高分辨率格点气象数据的区划分析

利用1981-2010年5km×5km格点气象数据,基于前人研究指标,采用气候倾向率、ArcGIS空间插值等方法,对影响苹果种植的气温、降水、相对湿度等主要气候指标分布特征进行分析。首先利用一票否决式指标剔除不能满足苹果生长基本要求的不可种植区域,然后结合苹果气候区划因子评分标准,对可种植区进行适宜性评价,并分析年际间适宜区的变化特征。结果表明,总体来看,苹果可种植区为华北、西北、西南以及华东、华南的部分地区。在可种植区中,适宜区主要位于黄土高原大部分地区和环渤海地区,次适宜区主要位于华北平原和黄土高原少部分地区以及塔里木盆地和云贵高原地区,不适宜区主要分布在东北地区、长江以南大部分地区、青藏高原地区以及新疆北部部分地区。与20世纪80年代相比,90年代、21世纪00年代山东半岛、黄土高原南部由适宜种植区转变为次适宜种植区,辽蒙交界地区、云贵川交界地区、黄土高原北部以及陕甘交界处由次适宜种植区转变为适宜种植区,苹果适宜种植区变化呈现明显北移西扩的特点。     

苹果采前落果与内源激素的关系

为了探讨苹果采前落果与内源激素之间的关系,在采前8周间定期测定了不同苹果品种的果柄、果台和离层形成部位组织中IAA、ABA含量;在采收前20d内定期测定了离层部位组织中细胞壁分解酶(Cellulase)的活性;在收获期测定了果实乙烯的发生量。结果表明:不同品种果柄、果台和离层部位组织中IAA和ABA含量变化有差异,但它们变化的总趋势相似,都是随着果实成熟IAA含量下降,而ABA含量上升;不同品种的成熟果实中乙烯发生量有很大差异,以落果多的品种显著大于落果少的品种;采前落果重的品种离层部位组织中细胞壁分解酶的活性在果实成熟期急剧增加。由于果实进入成熟阶段后,IAA含量下降,ABA含量升高,ABA/IAA之间的相对平衡被打破,高ABA/IAA以及高乙烯会刺激离层组织中细胞壁分解酶的活性增高,进而促进离层形成,这可能是导致落果发生的原因。     

基于粒子滤波的苹果采摘机器人目标姿态估算

针对苹果采摘机器人中果实姿态信息缺失造成果实损伤及采摘失败等问题,根据苹果尾部花萼遗迹区域是否可见分析了果实姿态信息机器视觉测量方法,研究了果实姿态信息的粒子滤波估计。将单目摄像机固定在机器人末端手爪上,在手爪趋近果实的采摘过程中,随机采集多帧果实图像。对每帧图像运用惯性主轴或重心点偏移两种方法计算果实在机器人坐标系下的姿态向量值,并通过粒子滤波融合来得到果实姿态信息的最优估计。实验结果表明,粒子滤波方法可以有效地融合多帧图像的苹果姿态信息,能够减小因依靠单帧图像直接测量而产生的误差。     

河西走廊苹果梨生态气候适应性与区划研究

试验研究表明河西走廊由于生态气候的不一致性,苹果梨具有明显的地域分布和时间特征,并表现出不同生长习性和品质属性,因气象要素分布的不均衡性,苹果梨生长发育年际间亦存在一定差异。甘肃省民乐县园艺场苹果梨果实生长发育动态呈“S”型曲线增长,据此计算出7月上旬至8月中旬果实生长率(CGR)最大,是果实膨大关键期,果实膨大适宜温度为15～21℃,全生育期需稳定通过≥7℃年积温2300～2800℃,品质形成期(9月上旬～10月上旬)要求凉爽的气候,在适温范围内日较差大,光照充足,有利于可溶性固形物含量的积累和着色,品质好。并依据影响苹果梨产量和品质的主要气象制约因子将河西走廊划分为5个气候适生区。     

Soil fumigation and compost amendment alter soil microbial community composition but do not improve tree growth or yield in an apple replant site

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a disease complex that reduces survival, growth and yield of replanted trees, and is often encountered in establishing new orchards on old sites. Methyl bromide (MB) has been the fumigant used most widely to control ARD, but alternatives to MB and cultural methods of control are needed. In this experiment, we evaluated the response of soil microbial communities and tree growth and yield to three pre-plant soil treatments (compost amendment, soil treatment with a broad-spectrum fumigant, and untreated controls), and use of five clonal rootstock genotypes (M.7, M.26, CG.6210, G.30 and G.16), in an apple replant site in Ithaca, New York. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)—denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis was used to assess changes in the community composition of bacteria and fungi in the bulk soil 8, 10, 18 and 22 months after trees were replanted. PCR-DGGE was also used to compare the community composition of bacteria, fungi and pseudomonads in untreated rhizosphere soil of the five rootstock genotypes 31 months after planting. Tree caliper and extension growth were measured annually in November from 2002 to 2004. Apple yield data were recorded in 2004, the first fruiting year after planting. Trees on CG.6210 rootstocks had the most growth and highest yield, while trees on M.26 rootstocks had the least growth and lowest yield. Tree growth and yield were not affected by pre-plant soil treatment except for lateral extension growth, which was longer in trees growing in compost-treated soil in 2003 as compared to those in the fumigation treatment. Bulk soil bacterial PCR-DGGE fingerprints differed strongly among the different soil treatments 1 year after their application, with the fingerprints derived from each pre-plant soil treatment clustering separately in a hierarchical cluster analysis. However, the differences in bacterial communities between the soil treatments diminished during the second year after planting. Soil fungal communities converged more rapidly than bacterial communities, with no discernable pattern related to pre-plant soil treatments 10 months after replanting. Changes in bulk soil bacterial and fungal communities in response to soil treatments had no obvious correlation with tree performance. On the other hand, rootstock genotypes modified their rhizosphere environments which differed significantly in their bacterial, pseudomonad, fungal and oomycete communities. Cluster analysis of PCR-DGGE fingerprints of fungal and pseudomonad rhizosphere community DNA revealed two distinct clusters. For both analyses, soil sampled from the rhizosphere of the two higher yielding rootstock genotypes clustered together, while the lower yielding rootstock genotypes also clustered together. These results suggest that the fungal and pseudomonad communities that have developed in the rhizosphere of the different rootstock genotypes may be one factor influencing tree growth and yield at this apple replant site.     

陇东黄土高原典型站苹果生长对气候变化的响应

利用西峰、崆峒两地连续24a的苹果物候观测资料(1984-2007年)、产量资料(1986-2007年)和1961-2007年的气象观测资料,分析陇东黄土高原苹果生育进程等对气候变化的响应。结果显示,分析期内,随着气候变化,当地苹果的叶芽开放、开花等生育期提前,成熟期推迟,生长周期延长;生育期气象条件呈现出向暖干化发展的趋势,以花期变化最为明显;影响崆峒苹果产量的主要气象因子为4月份最低气温、1月上旬降水、6月上旬日照时数以及7-8月最低气温,在气候变化条件下,这些因子的变化各不相同,对苹果产量的影响有利有弊。未来在苹果生产中,应调整布局、加强田间管理以应对气候变化的影响。     

黄瓜种质资源对黑星病的抗病性研究

对国内外280份黄瓜材料进行人工接种抗病性鉴定,结果表明,黄瓜对黑星病的抗性在症状上主要有两种表现形式:抗病和感病;根据抗性表现将黄瓜材料分为高抗、高感、中抗和中感4种类型。基本明确了我国种质资源材料对黑星病的抗病性的总体情况;鉴定筛选出部分高抗黑星病的抗病材料,为资源的利用和抗病品种的选育奠定了基础。