Minimizing ammonia volatilization from urea,improving lowland rice (cv. MR219) seed germination,plant growth variables,nutrient uptake,and nutrient recovery using clinoptilolite zeolite

The anionic nature and high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clinoptilolite zeolite can be exploited to reduce ammonia (NH₃) loss from urea and to improve soil chemical properties to increase nutrient utilization efficiency in lowland rice cultivation. A closed-dynamic airflow system was used to determine NH₃ loss from treatments (20, 40, and 60 g clinoptilolite zeolite pot^?1). Seed germination study was conducted to evaluate the effects of clinoptilolite zeolite on rice seed germination. A pot study was conducted to determine the effects of clinoptilolite zeolite on rice plant growth variables, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, and soil chemical properties. Standard procedures were used to determine NH₃ loss, rice plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, and soil chemical properties. Application of clinoptilolite zeolite (15%) increased shoot elongation of seedlings and significantly reduced NH₃ loss (up to 26% with 60 g zeolite pot^?1), and increased number of leaves, total dry matter, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable Na⁺. Amending acid soils with clinoptilolite zeolite can significantly minimize NH₃ loss and improve rice plant growth variables, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, and soil chemical properties. These findings are being validated in our ongoing field trials.     

湖区小麦-玉米轮作模式下不同施肥措施调控氮磷养分流失研究

针对我国南水北调东线过水区南四湖富营养化问题,利用沿湖流域典型种植模式——小麦-玉米轮作体系,选择材料易获取的几种施肥措施,采用田间原位安装淋溶水采集器和地表水径流池收集水样,室内分析不同处理防控氮磷养分流失的效果。结果表明:各施肥措施在作物不同茬口均能降低氮磷养分的随水流失,不同模式防控养分流失效果有差异;氮径流损失中,硝态氮占主要比例,玉米季和小麦季分别为82.7%~86.4%和94.2%~96.5%,而淋溶途径中硝态氮比例略有下降;径流为氮损失的主要途径,玉米茬口氮损失比例占轮作周年的67.0%~71.4%;磷径流损失中可溶性磷和颗粒磷比例相当,而淋溶磷以可溶性磷为主;淋溶途径损失的磷养分比例稍高,仍以玉米茬口总磷损失为主,占54.4%~63.1%;防控氮磷流失结合周年作物产量,玉米上使用减量控释氮肥或优化施肥配合秸秆还田、小麦上优化施肥或使用减量控释氮肥是相对理想的养分运筹搭配模式。     

Soil Phosphorous Status and Phosphorus Cycling as Influenced by Soybean Genotypes on an Acidic Low-Phosphorus Soil of Southern China

Low soil phosphorus (P) availability is the primary limiting factor to soybean production in southern China. Field experiments with P-efficient (BX10 and BX11) and P-inefficient (BD2 and GD3) soybean genotypes were conducted to study the effects of soybean cultivation on P status and budget. The results showed that after four seasons of cultivation (2003–5), zero application of P resulted in a decrease of soil-available P and total P but high-P (80 kg ha^?1) treatment resulted in an increase; there were no significant differences among genotypes. All genotypes had deficit of P under zero application of P, P-efficient genotypes had a larger deficit, and there was significant difference between BX10 and BD2. There was surplus P under high-P application, but there were no significant differences among soybean genotypes. These findings imply that it is necessary to apply P fertilizer for P-efficient genotypes although they can better adapt to low-P soil.     

采石场松散体坡面两种治理措施的水土保持效益

通过修建径流小区,对北京市房山区黄院采石场的治理进行了连续两年的坡面径流观测,用对比分析的方法研究了采石场治理初期不同年份内不同治理措施的水土保持效益。结果表明,在采石场治理初期,不同的坡度、不同的治理措施、不同的植被覆盖度均对坡面水土流失的影响有较大差异。当坡度为25°时,铺设生态袋措施能够有效防治水土流失;当植被覆盖度小于15%时,影响水土流失的主要因素为松散体坡面的孔隙度;当植被覆盖度大于60%时,影响水土流失的主要因素是降雨量和降雨强度。     

平凉纸坊沟流域水土流失影响因素及其相关关系分析

为了深入探讨黄土高原沟壑地区小流域水沙运动及水土流失规律,采用平凉市纸坊沟流域50a的降水、径流、泥沙观测资料和成果,建立数据库,采取数理统计、矩阵计算、分段对比、相关分析等方法对黄土高原沟壑区典型小流域纸坊沟流域的水沙特性及水土流失特点进行了分析,研究了流域降水、径流、泥沙基本特性及其变化规律和水土流失主要影响因素及其相互关系,建立了流域土壤侵蚀流失量与主要影响因素间的单因子数学模型,为同类地区小流域水土流失状况分析和径流、泥沙及水土流失量估算分析确立了简便方式。该文从其研究成果中提炼出了纸坊沟流域水土流失主要影响因子及其变化对土壤侵蚀流失量减少的影响程度以及土壤侵蚀流失量与主要影响因素间的单因子数学模型。     

模拟降雨条件下坡地氮素流失特征试验分析

通过模拟降雨试验,分别研究1.0mm/min和2.0mm/min雨强条件下,不同坡面上径流过程和土壤氮素流失特征。结果表明,在1.0mm/min雨强条件下,每个产流阶段径流变化量依次为18°>28°>21°,峰值出现时间依次为21°>18°>28°,径流峰值量依次为28°>18°>21°;硝态氮淋溶与土壤侵蚀同步进行;铵态氮流失量峰值的出现是坡面顶部和下部流失量的叠加结果,随后铵态氮流失量趋于降低;在2.0mm/min雨强条件下,每个产流阶段径流变化量不同,峰值出现时间依次为18°>21°>28°,径流峰值量依次为28°>21°>18°。硝态氮流失以泥沙携带为主,大坡度地表硝态氮流失量陡然增加;短时间内坡面表层土壤流失量显著增加,造成铵态氮流失量波动变化。在两种雨强条件下,累积径流流失量依次为28°>21°>18°;硝态氮是径流中全氮流失的主要形式;在整个降雨过程,全氮流失量表现为产流初期较低,中期增大,后期降低。各形态氮素累计流失量与径流累计流失量之间存在显著的线性关系。     

Nutrient leaching from the plow layer by water percolation and accumulation in the subsoil in an irrigated paddy field

To estimate the impact of water percolation on the nutrient status in paddy fields, the seasonal variations of the concentrations of cations, anions, inorganic carbon (IC), and of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in percolating water that was collected from just below the plow layer (PW-13) and from drainage pipes at the 40 em depth (PW-40), as well as in irrigation water were measured in an irrigated paddy field. Total amounts of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn leached from PW-13 during the period of rice cultivation were estimated to range from about 390 to 770, 65 to 130, 33 to 66, 340 to 680, and 44 to 87 kg ha^-1, respectively. Amounts of losses that were estimated from the differences between the input by irrigation water and the output by percolation water from the plow layer corresponded to 11 to 26, 22 to 47,5.9 to 12, and 13 to 26% of exchangeable Ca and Mg, amorphous Fe, and easily reducible Mn in the plow layer, respectively. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn in PW13 were higher than those in PW-40. The amounts of these nutrients that were retained in the subsoil between the 13 em and 40 em soil depth corresponded to 83, 86, 61, 99, and 89% of the amounts that percolated from the plow layer, respectively. Total amounts of IC and DOC that percolated from the plow layer ranged from 750 to 1,500 and 85 to 170 kg-C ha^-1, which corresponded to 5.0 to 10.0% and 0.6 to 1.1% of the total carbon content in the plow layer, respectively. Eighty eight % of IC in the percolating water from the plow layer was also retained in the subsoil.     

Biochar derived from dairy cattle carcasses as an alternative source of phosphorus and amendment for soil acidity

Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biochar derived from dead dairy cattle as a mineral fertilizer, especially phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and to clarify the effect of particle size of biochar on plant growth (Zea mays L.) and P uptake. To produce the biochar, body parts of dead cattle were placed in a charring chamber and allowed to char at 450°C for 4 h. The biochar was of high pH and rich in major plant nutrients, especially P. Application of fine biochar (< 1 mm) increased P uptake by the corn plants grown in soil of low available P status. As a result, plant growth was improved following biochar application and dry matter production was also increased. The effect of the biochar application on the P uptake and plant growth was promoted by the application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Soil analysis after harvest indicated that the biochar application increased soil pH, available P and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared with the soil before seeding, while soil available N and exchangeable potassium (K) were considerably decreased. The decrease in the soil available N was incomprehensible, because the result of the mass balance given by the difference between input as the applied N from the biochar and fertilizer N and output as the N uptake by the plants was positive. We observed a similar result in the mass balance of K to the case of N. The medium (2–4 mm) and coarse (> 4 mm) grade biochar did not significantly affect plant growth, because P uptake was not, or was only slightly, increased by the application of these biochars. Dissolution of P from the coarser biochars was probably slower than that of the fine biochar. The lower dissolution of P from the medium and coarse biochars was supported by the lower P absorption efficiency of these biochars compared with that of the fine biochar and superphosphate. The effect of fine biochar on plant growth and P uptake was similar to that of superphosphate. We can therefore conclude that fine biochar derived from cattle carcasses is an effective source of P fertilizer and amendment for soil acidity. The N and K contents in the biochar, although relatively high, cannot be relied upon as a mineral fertilizer. Further studies are needed to assess whether the N and K contents of the biochar indicate it can be regarded as a useful fertilizer.     

浙江省水土流失时空演变研究

本文在野外考察和4次遥感调查的基础上,分析了浙江省水土流失的时空演变。结果表明:1987年以后水土流失总体上有所好转,水土流失总面积减少,但强度以上的流失面积有增加趋势,新的人为水土流失未得到有效控制,且有加速趋势。全省11个地区中有9个呈现水土流失面积减少,但强度以上流失面积增加;90个县域中有83个存在水土流失分布。由于特有的自然和社会经济状况,浙江省水土流失一般散布在广大丘陵山区,其绝对侵蚀量小、相对侵蚀量大,潜在危险性很高。     

土壤及泥沙颗粒组成与养分流失的研究

利用自然降雨影响下的农田为试验样地,分析了降雨前后土壤颗粒组成与养分含量的变化,探讨了流失泥沙颗粒组成与养分的变化特征。结果表明,在降雨后,西瓜地与油菜地表土颗粒组成呈现粘粒与粉粒含量减少,砂粒含量相对增加的趋势;土壤养分含量都有不同程度的下降,其中水解氮与速效磷下降的幅度很大,西瓜地与油菜地水解氮降雨后降幅分别为9.67%和7.99%,速效磷的降幅分别为9.20%和8.76%;全氮养分降幅很小,西瓜地与油菜地分别为2.17%和1.54%;流失泥沙细小颗粒含量与养分含量随时间基本都呈降低的变化趋势,并且细小颗粒含量与携带流失的养分含量有显著甚至极显著的正相关性;流失泥沙具有富集粘粒和富集养分的特性,油菜地与西瓜地粘粒富集率分别为1.23和1.20,两样地全氮与速效磷的富集率都在1.3以上,而全磷和水解氮富集率基本处在1.1-1.3之间。