Effect of increasing levels of nitrogen on yield of tea in different agro-ecological conditions of Pakistan

Field experiment was conducted on mature tea bushes of Qi-Men variety at two different altitudes from sea level i.e. at National Tea Research Institute Shinkiari （1000 m） and on farmer＇s field in Konsh valley at village Battal （1500 m）. Different levels of nitrogen with constant dose of phosphorus and potassium were applied to observe the optimal dose of nutrients for highest yield under local edaphic conditions. The experiment was repeated for three consecutive years. The highest yield of fresh tea leaves were obtained by the application of 420 kg ha^-1 N followed by the application of 360 kg ha^-1 N at 1000 masl. The highest dose of nitrogen also reduced significantly the soil pH in the upper （0-15cm） layer depth during 1998 and 1999. During the year 2000, the reduction in soil pH was observed by the application of highest dose of nitrogen but was non-significant at 5% level. The lower soil depth （15-30 cm） showed the reduction in pH with the highest dose of nitrogen during the experimental year but was statistically non significant. At the higher altitude of 1500 masl the highest yield of fresh tea leaves was obtained by the application of 420 kg ha^-1 during the experimental years but the increase was significant during the year 1999 and 2000. The yield of the fresh tea leaves was positively correlated with the amount of nitrogen application at both the altitudes. The increasing amount of nitrogen decreased the soil pH at both the depths of 0-15cm and 15-30cm. Unlike the lower altitude （1000 m） there was no any significant reduction in the soil pH during 1998 and 1999. A significant reduction in soil pH was found in the year 2000.     

In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of decursin and decursinol angelate isolated from Angelica gigas against Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast

Blast is considered the most important fungal disease of rice due to its wide distribution and destructiveness under favorable conditions. Development of new effective and environmentally benign agents against the causal pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae, is of great interest. In the course of a search for natural antifungal compounds in medicinal plants, we found that the methanol extract of Angelica gigas roots showed a potent control efficacy against rice blast caused by M. oryzae. We isolated antifungal coumarins from the extract, and they were identified as decursin and decursinol angelate. Antifungal activities of these compounds, along with kasugamycin, were tested on M. oryzae in vivo and in vitro. In an in vivo assay, the three compounds effectively suppressed the development of rice blast at concentrations more than 100 μg/mL. Coumarins showed relatively weak inhibitory effect on fungal mycelial growth when compared to kasugamycin. However, they strongly inhibited M. oryzae spore germination, which was not observed in kasugamycin treatments. This is the first report demonstrating that decursinol angelate can provide control against rice blast and that the two coumarins inhibit M. oryzae spore germination. In addition, the wettable powder formulation of the crude extract of A. gigas prohibited the development of blast symptoms on rice plants more effectively than liquid concentrate formulation of kasugamin, a commercial fungicide. Based on our study, we propose that coumarin compounds as well as the A. gigas root crude extract can be used as natural, benign fungicides for controlling rice blast.     

软包装香椿芽半成品的研制

将香椿芽洗净后 ,用浓度 0 .5 %的氯化钙溶液处理 ,再用浓度 0 .1%的碳酸氢钠溶液在 10 0℃下处理 60s护色效果最佳。然后用浓度 4%的氯化钠和浓度 0 .0 6%的柠檬酸作为罐装液 ,10 0℃下杀菌 2 0s,可获得最佳的保鲜效果。     

品种及种苗规格对当归成药期质量和经济效益的影响

当归是甘肃省定西市品牌大宗道地药材之一,但生产中的早薹问题导致其成药期质量下降,已成为制约当地当归产业发展的最大瓶颈。为了筛选出适宜在当地种植的最佳当归品种和种苗,以岷归系列品种为试材,采用二因素随机区组设计,研究了不同当归品种及其种苗规格对成药期当归质量和经济收益的影响。结果表明,选择移栽单株鲜重约0.7 g、主根长7.1 cm、侧根数少于0.2条/株的岷归4号种苗,是最适宜获得当归主要农艺性状较优、早薹率低、抗病性较强、产量及经济收益高的种植方案。应用该种苗种植时,当归单株鲜根重最重,为69.3 g;鲜根折合产量最高,为11 800.0 kg/hm2;经济纯收益最高,为67 600.0元/hm2;产投比最优,为21.1元/元。建议在定西地区及类似区立地条件下,优先选择岷归4号小种苗。     

甘肃岷县不同海拔栽培当归多糖含量比较研究

目的：对甘肃岷县不同海拔区域栽培当归多糖含量进行测定,探索当归多糖含量与栽培区域海拔之间的关系。方法：加热回流提取当归多糖,苯酚-浓硫酸法比色,在490 nm处以紫外分光光度法测定其吸光度,对照标准曲线计算样品多糖含量。结果：当归多糖在2 300-2 900 m区域内随海拔升高含量逐渐增高,在海拔2 900-3 100 m区域内随海拔升高含量逐渐下降,其中2 600-2 900 m海拔区域栽培当归样品多糖含量明显高于其他海拔区域当归多糖含量。结论：本研究探讨了当归多糖含量随栽培区域海拔的变化规律,对当归最适栽培区域的选择具有一定参考价值。     

不同产地当归药材中阿魏酸含量比较研究

目的：考察不同产地当归药材中阿魏酸含量的差异。方法：采用高效液相色谱法对18批不同产地的当归药材中阿魏酸进行含量测定。结果：阿魏酸在0.24-3.12μg/mL范围内线性关系良好;平均加样回收率为100.7%,RSD 1.2%。不同产地当归药材中的阿魏酸含量差异较大,云南产最高,甘肃次之,四川较低,其中道地产区岷县处于中等水平。结论：以单一指标成分阿魏酸来评价当归药材质量不够全面,需要进一步研究多指标成分,以有效评价当归药材质量。     

明月草对糖尿病小鼠的降血糖作用

采用腹腔注射0.1 mL/10 g四氧嘧啶溶液建立糖尿病小鼠模型。小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、阳性对照组、明月草低、中、高剂量组(2.5%、5.0%、10.0%),灌胃30 d,观察其对小鼠体重、血糖的影响。结果表明:明月草低、中、高剂量组的血糖值分别达到9.61±1.60、9.95±1.51、9.50±1.73 mmol/L,与模型对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05),说明明月草对高血糖模型小鼠有较好的降血糖功能。     

当归营养期的化感作用

为探讨当归(Angelica sinensis)自毒作用与连作障碍的关系并建立合理的轮作制度,利用4个浓度当归营养期根部及茎叶部水浸液对当归及其种植区常见作物油菜(Brassica campestris)、小麦(Triticum aestivum)和燕麦(Avena sativa)的种子和幼苗进行了生物测定。分析结果表明,当归具明显的自毒作用(敏感指数M3=-0.258 3),茎叶部分的自毒效应强于根部,且作用强度随浓度增加而增强;小麦和燕麦对当归的化感作用有一定的耐受能力,综合敏感指数(M)分别为-0.075 5和-0.144 7;而油菜对当归的化感作用较为敏感,综合敏感指数为-0.307 9,这一结果与实际种植情况不符,推断可能与当归化感物质在土壤中的转化导致化感作用降低有关。在种间化感作用的研究中发现根部的化感作用强于茎叶,并有高抑制低促进的浓度效应。试验结果说明当归的自毒作用是造成连作障碍的原因之一;当归对小麦和燕麦的化感作用较弱,可以用于当归轮作体系,缓解因自毒作用而引起的连作障碍。     

中华绒螯蟹“水瘪子”病超微病理和病理生理研究

采用透射电镜技术和生化分析等方法,对患“水瘪子”病病蟹的超微病理和病理生理进行研究。超微结构观察表明,病蟹肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉等组织细胞发生了不同程度的病变,主要表现为肝细胞变性、坏死,脂滴锐减,微绒毛肿胀、断裂,细胞内线粒体肿胀,内嵴紊乱、减少甚至消失形成空泡,内质网扩张或断裂为片层状结构;鳃上皮细胞角质膜变薄,细胞核异染色质化,角质层面伸出的指状突起破裂消失,上皮细胞顶膜形成的微绒毛杂乱、断裂甚至消失,角质膜下空腔增大,线粒体畸变,数量减少,内嵴减少,形成空泡,溶酶体数量增多,并与空泡和空泡化的线粒体形成自噬体,严重病变的鳃上皮细胞中出现细菌颗粒,未见包涵体等病毒样颗粒;肌肉的病变主要是肌纤维松弛、断裂,肌质网溶解消失或者形成小泡,线粒体数量减少、体积变小,细胞核固缩且边缘化。病理生理分析结果显示,病蟹血淋巴中血糖含量和谷草转氨酶活力显著高于健康蟹,碱性磷酸酶和谷丙转氨酶活力极显著高于健康蟹,甘油三酯的含量极显著低于健康蟹;病蟹肝胰腺中肝糖原含量极显著低于健康蟹,碱性磷酸酶和酸性磷酸酶活力显著低于健康蟹。     

当归四逆汤对糖尿病周围神经病变患者神经传导速度和踝肱指数的影响

目的 观察当归四逆汤对糖尿病周围神经病变患者神经传导速度和踝肱指数的影响。方法 将糖尿病周围神经病变患者随机分为对照组30例与治疗组30例,两组均口服甲钴胺作为基础治疗,治疗组加用当归四逆汤治疗,治疗4周后,观察并比较两组患者的总体疗效、周围神经传导速度及踝肱指数的改善情况。结果 治疗组总有效率90.0%显著高于对照组63.3%（P<0.05）,且其神经传导速度、踝肱指数改善优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 当归四逆汤治疗糖尿病周围神经病变有较好的疗效,能增强神经传导速度,改善踝肱指数值,可临床推广应用。