Highly client-oriented breeding,using local preferences and selection,produces widely adapted rice varieties

When explicit measures are taken to account for the needs of clients (farmers and consumers) it results in highly client-oriented breeding. This involves the participation of farmers to specify the design of desirable varieties and, once they are produced, their testing without delay with the target clients in the target environments. The term highly client-oriented breeding (COB) explains the purpose of farmer involvement – the deliberate achievement of a high degree of client orientation – rather than simply explaining the process of farmers participating in plant breeding (participatory plant breeding). Client-oriented breeding is sometimes based on the preferences of relatively few farmers in a small area, so a possible drawback is that it will produce varieties that are too locally adapted. We describe the testing of varieties in the High Barind Tract (HBT) of Bangladesh from a COB programme carried out in Chitwan district, Nepal. The two best lines, Judi 582 and Judi 567, yielded 19–50% more during the T. Aman season and 106% more during the Aus season than check varieties in the HBT. Research to determine farmers’ preferences and adoption consistently showed these varieties were preferred over all available alternatives. The new varieties were broadly adapted as they were superior in all the three rice-growing seasons over varying levels of inputs. This broad adaptation could be explained by the breeding method: the generations were advanced in two contrasting seasons and each generation was grown on a different farmer's field under different management and planting dates. Because the segregating generations were grown under moderate and fluctuating levels of nitrogen, it is to be expected that genotypes with good nitrogen use efficiency will be selected that can also respond to added nitrogen. Overall, the cost-effectiveness of COB was high as it produced widely adapted genotypes from a small breeding programme, and knowledge of farmers’ preferences increased the efficiency of targeting new germplasm.     

天山北坡东西部山地野生鸭茅部分生理生化指标分异性的研究

针对不同区域的鸭茅(Dactylis glmerata)对环境的适应性,选取天山北坡东段与西段鸭茅分布的典型区域,研究分析了鸭茅种群植株部分生理生化特征的差异以及这些性状之间的关联.结果表明:天山西段及东段野生鸭茅除叶片相对含水量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性差异不显著外,叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及过氧化物酶(POD)活性在种群间均成差异显著(P＜0.05);进一步分析表明,叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b比值的大小与分布生境的海拔、年内降水量有关;MDA含量也反映出分布地段的生境差异性与当地降水量有很大关系a研究结果初步揭示了分布地段野生鸭茅居群在相异生境下适应环境的一些信息,可为该地区鸭茅种质资源的评价与新品种选育等提供部分参考数据.     

长江师范学院校园白鹡鸰的生境分布和繁殖习性研究

2008年3～6月,对长江师范学院校园白鹅鸽的生境分布和繁殖习性进行了初步研究。研究结果表明,白鹤鸽主要分布在地面草丛（57．41％）、水域（19．44％）、楼顶（16．67％）和疏林灌丛（6．48％）,地面草丛成为白鹤鸽的最主要取食地;白鹩鸽的常见窝卵数为4枚,窝卵数为（4．00±0．32）枚,孵化期为（10．20±0．37）d,出雏数为（3．60±0．25）只,育雏期为（13．60±0．51）d;窝卵数与孵化期呈显著正相关（P=0．034,R^2=0．757）,两者呈幂函数关系,窝卵数与出雏数和育雏期相关性均不显著（P=0．166,P=0．550）;白鹤鸽对校园生境表现出极强的适应性。     

十三个草地早熟禾品种在晋中的适应性评价

针对目前山西省草坪引种栽培中存在的盲目性、随意性以及草坪寿命短,失败率高等问题,2000～2003年对13个草地早熟禾(Poapratensis)品种在晋中地区温带大陆性气候条件下的适应性进行了对比试验。通过对盖度、颜色、质地、均一性、抗热性、抗病性、全年绿期、综合评定等进行评价分析,结果表明,Nassau的盖度最低;Midnight均一性最好;America、Midnight、RamI、Indigo颜色最深;Connie、RamI抗热性极好;Touchdown、Indigo和Nassau抗病性最差;Award绿期最长。RamI、Midnight、America、Connie、Liberator综合质量表现均衡且分值较高,是山西省推广应用的重点品种。     

关中地区气候变化及农业响应特征研究

运用1992~2011年关中地区气象数据和粮食产量数据,分析了气候变化及其对农业的影响;采用适应度模型度量关中地区农业气候适应度,并提出了农业气候变化适应对策。结果表明:(1)1992~2011年关中地区气温和降水均呈升高趋势,日照时数减少,其中降水变化幅度较大,气温和日照时数变化不明显。(2)1992~2011年关中地区气温适应度均值为0.974,降水适应度和日照适应度均值分别是0.7975和0.8025,气温适应度大于降水适应度和日照适应度。(3)1992~2011年关中地区粮食产量和气候综合适应度关系具有阶段性特征,1992~2004年期间粮食产量和气候综合适应度波动均较大,且两者基本呈负相关关系;2004~2011年期间,关中地区粮食产量和气候综合适应度波动平缓,两者基本呈正相关关系。     

泰州防空林建设规划研究

泰州防空林作为新形势下防空防灾一体化建设途径的崭新尝试,按照科学发展观的要求,坚持以人为本,利用传统的自然伪装方式与现代科学手段相结合,造林与防护相结合,经济与生态相结合,以满足战时防空、疏散的目的,并贯切平战结合的方针,是经济和社会可持续发展的必然要求。规划区设置生态防护区、复合经营疏散区、生态水网区、办公管理区4个功能区及堤岸湿地防护隔离带。       

气候变化对中国农业生产的可能影响及适应对策

近100年来,全球地表温度呈不断升高的趋势,且这种趋势还将继续。全球气候变暖已经对许多自然系统和生物系统产生了可辨别的影响。农业是最脆弱的生态系统之一,受气候变化的影响也最直接。由于气候变化使农业气候资源发生变化,从而直接影响到农业种植结构、作物品种布局以及作物产量。综述了近年来气候变化对农作物产量、农业气候资源以及我国农业种植制度和作物品种布局影响的研究成果,并针对未来气候变化提出农业适应措施以及选择措施时应注意的一些问题。     

国家重点保护植物绵刺的适应性及其保护的研究

绵刺是蒙古高原特有的单种属植物，已列为国家二级重点保护植物。本文系统地综述了绵刺的生态生物学特性，并探讨了其适应性，研究结果表明，绵刺具有典型旱生植物的结构和特征，耐旱、耐贫瘠、耐盐碱和抗风蚀能力较强，对恶劣的环境条件具有良好的适应性。文章还分析了绵刺濒危的可能原因，并提出了保护措施。     

豫西地区冬小麦春播及春麦引种效果简报

基于小麦应变栽培需要,对豫西地区春季播种冬小麦和引进春小麦品种观察分析,结果表明:2月中旬前播种或3月上旬前出苗的豫麦18小麦品种,在豫西地区可收获产量,但产量较低;春小麦产量一般高于春季同期播种冬小麦产量,但应选择成熟早,灌浆快,后期耐高温品种,注意适期早播,提高穗粒重。     

Response of Soybean Yield to Daytime Temperature Change during Seed Filling: A Long-Term Field Study in Northeast China

Abstract

Daytime temperature during seed filling is a crucial determinant of grain yield in pulse crops. Although there is much research about the effect of daytime temperature during seed filling on soybean yield in temperature-controlled chambers, the effect in the field has been little explored. Long-term manipulative field experiments are important tools to provide accurate information for revealing the impacts of climate change on crop yields. Using the field records of a long-term fertilization experiment conducted in Northeast China, we analyzed the response of soybean yields to mean daily maximum temperature during seed filling over the period 1987?2007. The results showed that there was a clear positive response of soybean yields to increased mean daily maximum temperature during seed filling ranged from 20 to 24ºC. When compared with the average soybean yields over the last two decades, grain yields increased by 6?10% for each 1ºC increase in mean daily maximum temperature during seed filling and more than 22% of yield trends can be explained. These findings provide a direct evidence for the response of soybean yield to climate change in the field study.