酸性环境下脲醛树脂结构形成特征

使用１３ ＣＮＭＲ研究酸性环境下脲醛树脂结构形成特征，结果表明：酸性条件下所合成的脲醛树脂与传统脲醛树脂结构差异显著．在强酸条件下，由于亚甲基化速度高于羟甲基化速度，尿素的加入以形成亚甲基桥键为主，或者说形成的羟甲基迅速转化为亚甲基桥键．强酸条件下合成的脲醛树脂结构中存在Ｕｒｏｎ 环，其分子链交联点较多．在弱酸条件下，由于亚甲基化速度和羟甲基化速度基本相近，产物结构特征介于强酸与传统合成工艺之间．     

Effect of Electrolyzed Water Sprays with Different Concentrations on Tomato Yields and Quality in Protected Field

研究了不同浓度(有效氯浓度)强酸性电解水喷施对春大棚番茄生长发育及产量与品质的影响,结果表明：电解水喷施可有效促进番茄植株生长发育;不同浓度电解水处理均可增加番茄座果数与单果重,其中以中等浓度电解水作用效果最明显;低中浓度电解水可显著增加果实中Vc含量,而高浓度电解水使还原糖含量显著增加,不同浓度电解水处理亦增加了番茄果实中可溶性固形物与有机酸的含量,但差异不显著;番茄喷施适宜的电解水指标为：pH 2.35左右、ORP 1160mV左右、有效氯浓度30mg/L左右。     

Effects of Byproduct Amendment on Enzyme Activities and Physicochemical Properties of Acidic Orchard Soil from Jiaodong Peninsula of China

Application of byproduct amendment containing silicon, calcium, magnesium, and potassium has been shown to improve acidic soil quality in Jiaodong Peninsula of China. In this study, we explored the influences of amendment supplemented with and without urea on the physicochemical properties as well as microbial activities of acidic soil from Jiaodong over a 120-day period. With the amendment, the electronic conductivity and pH of soils changed. The amendment treatment significantly reduced inorganic nitrogen content and increased microbial biomass nitrogen content during the whole incubation period. The microbial biomass, activities of phenol oxidase and dehydrogenase were increased by the addition of amendments, while the soil respiration, catalase and urease activity were declined. Our results indicated that application of byproduct amendment could improve the chemical and biological properties of the acidic orchard soils from Jiaodong over a short time period of investigation.     

Evaluation and mapping of relative sensitivity of the terrestrial ecosystems to acidic deposition in Fujian

Based on the semi-quantitative approach, four environmental factors of sites (i.e. bedrock lithology, soil type, land use, and rainfall) were categorized, weighted and combined to determine and assess the relative sensitivity of the terrestrial ecosystems to acidic deposition in Fujian Province. Then the factors have been digitized and combined to assign an overall value for each mesh square (16.77 km×18.39 km) by using the geographic information system (GIS) The results indicated that the most sensitive area in Fujian was mainly located in the southeast, and the least: ensitive area was distributed sporadically in the east along the coast. Due to slow weathering rate of siliceous rocks, acid to weakly acid reactions of the soils, along with the greater percent of coniferous forests, more than 80 percent of the total area exhibits higher sensitivity classes (4–7). This project is jointly sponsored by Forestry Administration of Fujian Province and Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center (k99066). Fan Houbao, male, born in 1965, associate professor of Fujian Forestry College, Nanping 353001, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Organic nitrogen stimulates the heterotrophic nitrification rate in an acidic forest soil

Many previous studies have demonstrated that heterotrophic nitrification processes play an important role in the production of NO₃⁻ in acidic soils. However, it is not clear whether a low concentration of nitrogenous organic compounds support heterotrophic nitrification processes in natural soils. In this study, we performed an ¹⁵N tracer experiment with a glycine concentration gradient (20, 40, 80, and 160 mg N kg⁻¹) to investigate the effect of the organic nitrogen concentration on the heterotrophic nitrification rate and its relative contribution to the total nitrification of the studied acidic forest soil. This experiment demonstrated that ¹⁵N–NO₃⁻ accumulated over time with all nitrogen treatments in the presence of acetylene, confirming that heterotrophic nitrification occurred even at a low organic nitrogen concentration (20 mg kg⁻¹) in the studied acidic forest soil. In the presence of acetylene, the ¹⁵N–NO₃⁻ concentration in the 20 and 40 mg kg⁻¹ glycine-N treatments was significantly lower than in the 80 and 160 mg kg⁻¹ glycine-N treatments (p < 0.05), indicating that a high organic nitrogen concentration stimulated the heterotrophic nitrification rate. There was no significant difference in the average contribution of heterotrophic nitrification to total nitrification among the different nitrogen treatments, suggesting that the organic nitrogen concentration did not affect the relative contribution of heterotrophic nitrification to total nitrification in the studied acidic soil. Our results confirmed that a low concentration of organic N (20 mg kg⁻¹) supported heterotrophic nitrification in the studied soil. The organic nitrogen concentration stimulates the heterotrophic nitrification rate, but does not affect the relative contribution of heterotrophic nitrification to total nitrification in the studied acidic soil.     

酸性电解水防治葡萄常见病毒的效果研究

摘要：实验研究表明酸性电解水(AEW)对葡萄霜霉病、灰霉病、炭疽病等常见病毒的杀灭作用,且具有瞬时、广谱、高效、安全和无残留的杀菌特性。结果表明,喷施酸性电解水和先喷酸性电解水后喷碱性电解水对葡萄霜霉病、灰霉病、炭疽病等病毒防治效果较好,达90%以上,能够减少农药的年使用量和次数,具有一定的可替代性。     

Net ion fluxes in the facultative air-breather <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hoplosternum littorale</Emphasis> (tamoata) and the obligate air-breather <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arapaima gigas</Emphasis> (pirarucu) exposed to different Amazonian waters

Fishes that live in the Amazon environment may be exposed to several kinds of water: black water (BW), acidic black water (pH 3.5) (ABW) and white water (WW), among others. The aim of the present study was to analyze net ion fluxes in the facultative air-breather Hoplosternum littorale (tamoata) and the obligate air-breather Arapaima gigas (pirarucu) exposed to different types of water. Fishes were acclimated in well water and later placed in individual chambers containing one type of water for ion flux measurements. After 4 h, the water in the chambers was replaced by a different type of water. The transfer of both species to ABW (independent of previous water exposure) increased net ion loss. Tamoatas transferred from ABW to BW or WW presented a net ion influx, but pirarucus showed only small changes on net ion efflux. These results allow us to conclude that tamoatas and pirarucus present differences in terms of ion regulation but that the general aspects of the ion flux are similar: (1) exposure to ABW led to net ion loss; (2) transfer from BW to WW or vice-versa induced only minor changes on net ion fluxes. These observations demonstrate that any osmoregulatory difficulties encountered by either species during changes between these latter two waters can be easily overcome.     

Simulating trends in soil organic carbon of an Acrisol under no-tillage and disc-plow systems using the Century model

Soil organic matter (SOM) and its different pools have key importance in nutrient availability, soil structure, in the flux of trace gases between land surface and the atmosphere, and thus improving soil health. This is particularly critical for tropical soils. The rates of accumulation and decomposition of carbon in SOM are influenced by several factors that are best embodied by simulation models. However, little is known about the performance of SOM simulation model in an acid tropical soil under different tillage systems including no-tillage (NT). Our objective was to simulate soil organic matter dynamics on an Acrisol under no-tillage and different plowed systems using Century model. Tillage systems consisted of no-tillage, disc plow, heavy disc harrow followed by disc plow, and heavy disc harrow. Soil C stocks simulated by Century model showed tendency to recovery only under no-tillage. Also, simulated amounts of C stocks of slow and active pools were more sensitive to management impacts than total organic C. The values estimated by Century of soil C stocks and organic carbon in the slow and passive pools fitted satisfactorily with the measured data. Thus fitted, except for the active pool, Century showed acceptable performance in the prediction of SOM dynamics in an acid tropical soil.     

酸沉降对生态环境的影响

阐述了酸沉降产生的原因及其对生态环境和人类健康的影响,指出由于矿质燃料的燃烧、人为排放SO_2和NO_x导致气溶胶和云雨逐渐酸化。当森林暴露在高浓度SO_2和NO_x下时森林会衰退,表现为叶片发黄和落叶甚至死亡,土壤持续酸化导致盐基离子淋失和土壤溶液中铝离子富集是森林衰退的主要机制,土壤养分亏缺也是森林衰退的主要原因。在酸沉降敏感地区水体酸化和铝离子富集造成湖泊和河流严重酸化及鱼类大量损失。酸沉降与气态污染对水生与陆地生态系统造成大面积损害,并影响到人类的健康。     

麻风树籽制取生物柴油的生命周期风险指数评价

采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,建立了以温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O)排放风险指数(GI),酸性气体(SO2、NOx)排放风险指数(SI)、颗粒物排放风险指数(PI)和生态系统服务功能风险指数(ES)为指标的生物柴油风险指数评价方法,并通过麻风树籽制取生物柴油为案例进行了计算。结果表明,1MJ生物柴油生命周期全过程(包括种植过程、运输过程、生产过程、使用过程)中的温室气体的排放量比1MJ石化柴油减少了40%,酸性气体和颗粒物的排放量分别是1MJ石化柴油的2.65和3.11倍,种植麻风树所带来的生态系统服务功能价值是一般林地的1.42倍。其中,生物柴油酸性气体和颗粒物排放的增加量主要来自于生产过程,分别是石化柴油的8.44和12.79倍;生态系统服务功能价值的增加主要来自于产品供给和土壤保肥价值,分别增加了4.0和6.1倍。综合考虑,以麻风树为原料制取生物柴油对环境的影响较为严重,但是可带来生态系统服务功能价值的增加。