天山林区不同地段6种灌木生物量组成

分布于天山云杉林下线的山地灌丛是天山重要的植被类型之一,也是天山相对稳定的生态系统类型,在天山水土保持中发挥着重要的作用。以天山6种常见的灌木为研究对象,在天山西部、中部、东部设置调查样地,并用平均标准木收获法获得6种常见灌木各营养器官的生物量。从而探讨了6种灌木在天山三段的分布特征以及各营养器官的分配差异。结果表明:（1）同种灌木在天山西部、中部、东部单株生物量存在着差异,其中天山西部6种灌木生物量明显大于天山中部和东部。主要是由于天山西部水热条件优于天山中部和东部;（2）在天山6种常见灌木类型中,单株生物量从大到小排序为:刚毛忍冬（8 549 g/株） > 黑果栒子（7 943 g/株） > 黑果小檗（7 880 g/株） > 新疆方枝柏（3 014 g/株） > 天山绣线菊（2 837 g/株） > 密刺蔷薇（2 615 g/株）;（3）天山6种常见灌木在天山三段各器官生物量分配比例不同,天山西部主要表现为枝生物量（53.30%）大于根生物量（27.32%）,而天山中部和东部则为根生物量（75.90%）大于枝生物量（19.06%）,这种分配比例的差异体现了物种对其生境选择的适应性。本研究结果可为对于天山灌丛植被的保护及其退化生态系统的恢复重建提供科学依据。     

小型生物质燃气发动机燃烧稳定性试验

为探明生物质燃气各组分相对含量对发动机工作稳定性的影响,在一台小型火花点火发动机上进行了生物质燃气发动机循环变动试验研究,着重分析了理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值、H2含量(H2在CH4-H2中的体积分数)及CO2含量(CO2在CH4-H2-CO2中的体积分数)的变化对燃烧稳定性的影响。试验结果表明,燃料组分对燃烧稳定性有较大影响。在本试验中,当理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值较小、燃料组分中H2含量较低时(如理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值为0.4、H2的体积分数为25%及理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值为0.6、H2的体积分数为17%),CO2含量对燃烧稳定性起支配作用,CO2含量的增加导致循环变动增加(上述工况的平均指示压力循环变动系数均超过了10%),在个别条件下导致部分燃烧。随着理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值及H2含量的增加,CO2含量对燃烧的影响作用逐渐减弱,当理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值及H2含量达到一定程度时(理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值为0.6、H2的体积分数为33%及50%,以及理论空燃比与实际空燃比的比值为0.8所对应的所有H2含量条件)CO2含量对燃烧的影响作用已不明显。通过改变燃料组分条件的方法,能够提高生物质燃气发动机的工作稳定性。该研究的成果对生物质燃气发动机燃烧稳定性、经济性及排放特性改善,以及生物质燃气发动机技术应用、推广均有重要指导意义。     

尾矿池里添加大理石废料和有机物五年后植被覆盖和土壤生化特性研究

Tailing ponds pose environmental hazards,such as toxic metals which can contaminate the surroundings through wind and water erosions and leaching.Various chemical and biochemical properties,together with extractable and soluble metals were measured five years after reclamation of a polluted soil affected by former mining activities.This abandoned mine site contains large amounts of Fe-oxyhydroxides,sulphates,and heavy metals.As a consequence,soils remain bare and the soil organic matter content is low(< 3 g kg 1).Marble waste,pig manure and sewage sludge were applied in 2004.Plant cover and richness,and soil chemical,biochemical and biological parameters were analysed five years later.Results showed that all soil biochemical properties as well as vegetation cover and richness were higher in treated soils than in the untreated contaminated plots(control),although organic matter,pH values and extractable metals concentrations were similar among treatments.Soluble cadmium and zinc were lower in the amended plots than in control.As a general pattern,soil amended with pig manure showed higher values of most biochemical properties compared to sewage sludge application,while the doses did not have a great effect,being only significant for β-glucosidase,phosphodiesterase and arylsulfatase.Significant correlations were found between vegetation cover,richness and soil biochemical properties,suggesting a high interdependence between plant colonization and reactivation of biogeochemical cycles during five years.This study confirms the high effectiveness of an initial application of the amendments tested to initialize the recovery of ecosystems in bare mine soils under Mediterranean semiarid conditions.This research also shows the high sensitivity of certain biochemical properties in order to evaluate soil quality and reactivation of nutrients cycles in reclaimed mine soils.     

全膜覆土穴播种植冬小麦对旱地土壤微生物数量及生物量的影响

[目的]揭示全膜覆土穴播种植方式对土壤微生态环境的影响,为其进一步推广应用提供参考依据。[方法]采用田间试验,研究不同覆膜种植方式对冬小麦各生育期土壤微生物数量和微生物量的影响。[结果]全膜覆土穴播方式可明显增加冬小麦各生育期的土壤微生物数量(除自生固氮细菌)以及微生物量C和N。与传统栽培方式相比,全膜覆土穴播方式和全膜不覆土穴播方式土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌分别平均提高32.07%和10.23%,31.27%和10.57%,44.56%和26.51%;氨化细菌和硝化细菌分别平均提高32.54%和37.80%,79.20%和107.22%;微生物量C和N含量分别平均提高29.90%,20.68%%和29.41%,18.02%。各处理土壤微生物数量和微生物量整体从小麦返青期开始升高,到拔节期或抽穗期达到峰值,生长后期有所下降。[结论]全膜穴播方式下土壤微生物数量和微生物量土壤随土层的加深呈减少的趋势。全膜覆土穴播方式有利于冬小麦土壤微生物数量和微生物量的提高。     

The influence of two agricultural biostimulants on nitrogen transformations, microbial activity, and plant growth in soil microcosms

The influence of two experimental soil treatments, Z93 and W91, on nitrogen transformations, microbial activity and plant growth was investigated in soil microcosms. These compounds are commercially marketed fermentation products (Agspectrum) that are sold to be added to field soils in small amounts to promote nitrogen and other nutrient uptake by crops in USA. In laboratory microcosm experiments, soils were amended with finely ground alfalfa-leaves or wheat straw, or left unamended, in an attempt to alter patterns of soil nitrogen mineralization and immobilization. Soils were treated in the microcosms with Z93 and W91 at rates equivalent to the recommended field application rates, that range from 0.2 to 1.1 l ha⁻¹, (0.005-0.03 μl g⁻¹ soil). We measured their effects on soil microbial activity (substrate-induced respiration (SIR), dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and acid phosphatase activity (PHOS)), soil nitrogen pools (microbial biomass N, mineral N, dissolved organic N), and transformations (net N mineralization and nitrification, ¹⁵N dilution of the mineral N pool, and accumulation of mineral N on ion-exchange resins), and on wheat plant germination and growth (shoot and root biomass, shoot length, N uptake and ¹⁵N enrichment of shoot tissues), for up to 56 days after treatment. To follow the movement of nitrogen from inorganic fertilizer into plant biomass we used a ¹⁵N isotopic tracer. Most of the soil and plant responses to treatment with Z93 or W91 differed according to the type of organic amendment that was used. Soil treatment with either Z93 or W91 influenced phosphatase activity strongly but did not have much effect on SIR or DHA. Both chemicals altered the rates of decomposition and mineralization of organic materials in the soil, which was evidenced by significant increases in the rates of the decomposition of buried wheat straw, and by the acceleration of net, rates of N mineralization, relative to those of the controls. Soil nitrate availability increased at the end of the experiment in response to both chemical treatments. In alfalfa-amended soils, the final plant biomass was decreased significantly by treatment with W91. Increased plant growth and N-use efficiency in straw-amended soil, resulting from treatments with Z93 or W91, was linked to increased rates of N mineralization from indigenous soil organic materials. This supports the marketing of these compounds as promoters of N uptake at these low dosage inputs.     

拔节-孕穗期淹涝胁迫对水稻生长的后效影响

为探究每年7-8月(拔节-孕穗期)洪涝淹没对水稻生长的后效影响,该研究以Ⅱ优898为试验对象,在安徽新马桥农水试验站开展为期2 a的水稻淹涝胁迫试验.试验设置了具有不同淹水深度(半淹、3/4淹、全淹)和淹水持续时间(5、7、9 d)组合的9个试验组,以及正常控水的对照组.在淹水胁迫结束后,对后胁迫时期水稻的叶片光合特性...     

太阳能采暖技术在新农村建设中应用

在新农村建设中,太阳能采暖技术是可再生能源利用的重要应用领域。本文通过介绍平谷区挂甲峪太阳能采暖示范项目,阐述了太阳能采暖系统的构成、系统设计方案和运行状况,并对太阳能采暖系统的成本和经济性进行了分析,为太阳能采暖技术的不断发展提供了丰富经验。     

小叶锦鸡儿固沙群落土壤微生物生物活性的季节动态

为探讨科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿固沙群落土壤微生物生物量和酶活性的季节动态规律,选取6,11,24年生人工群落和天然群落为对象,研究了不同土层深度微生物生物量(C、N、P)和脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸单酯酶、脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性随季节的变化特征。土壤按5层取样:0-10cm,10-20cm,20-30cm,30-40cm,40-50cm。结果表明,6～24年生小叶锦鸡人工固沙群落及天然群落土壤微生物生物量表现出明显的季节性变化,微生物生物量C和N为夏季>秋季>春季;微生物生物量P为夏季>秋季;6种土壤酶的活性也随季节发生显著变化,夏季显著高于春季和秋季。土壤微生物生物量和6种酶的活性随群落发育年限的增长而升高,但人工群落土壤的生物活性始终低于天然群落。6种土壤酶活性和微生物生物量最高值均出现在土壤表层(0-10cm),随着土层的加深生物活性逐渐降低。     

Microbial response to exudates in the rhizosphere of young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) after dormancy

Plants act as an important link between atmosphere and soil: CO2 is transformed into carbohydrates by photosynthesis. These assimilates are distributed within the plant and translocated via roots into the rhizosphere and soil microorganisms. In this study, 3 year old European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.) were exposed after the chilling period to an enriched ¹³C–CO₂ atmosphere (δ¹³C = 60‰ – 80‰) at the time point when leaves development started. Temporal dynamics of assimilated carbon distribution in different plant parts, as well as into dissolved organic carbon and microbial communities in the rhizosphere and bulk soil have been investigated for a 20 days period. Photosynthetically fixed carbon could be traced into plant tissue, dissolved organic carbon and total microbial biomass, where it was utilized by different microbial communities. Due to carbon allocation into the rhizosphere, nutrient stress decreased; exudates were preferentially used by Gram-negative bacteria and (mycorrhizal) fungi, resulting in an enhanced growth. Other microorganisms, like Gram-positive bacteria and mainly micro eucaryotes benefited from the exudates via food web development. Overall our results indicate a fast turnover of exudates and the development of initial food web structures. Additionally a transport of assimilated carbon into bulk soil by (mycrorhizal) fungi was observed.     

不同管理方式对芦苇生长的影响研究

通过定点观测及室内综合分析的方法,研究了芦苇在不同管理方式下的生长状况及光合特征.结果表明:(1)芦苇各生长指标之间具有紧密的关联,生物量、叶面积、株高、株径可以较好地反映芦苇的综合状况,即可以用来评价芦苇生长情况.密度增加是芦苇群落退化的重要表现之一.(2)适时适当的火烧处理可以起到积极的生态作用,促使芦苇在形态指标和生物量上都表现出优势,促使芦苇更早进入生长发育,并且较早地进入生殖生长期.(3)收割处理可移除地表枯落物,使地上植被具有更多的生长空间去竞争水肥气热等资源,而对芦苇生长发育具有积极促进作用,而不同留茬高度对芦苇的生长无显著影响.(4)芦苇的盖度、株径、叶片个数、分节数和株高的变异系数均较小,表明它们作为芦苇的基本形态指标是较为稳定的,生态可塑性小;而芦苇种群密度的变异系数较大,表明密度不稳定,具有较大的生态可塑性.