禽流感病毒分子生物学的研究进展

禽流行性感冒(av ian in fluenza,A I,简称禽流感)是由A型禽流感病毒(av ian in fluenza v irus,A IV)引起的禽类烈性传染病。作为被世界动物卫生组织(O IE)定为A类的传染病,A I不仅给世界养禽业造成了巨大的经济损失,而且对人类健康和生命安全构成了严重威胁。因此,A I已经成为人们关注的焦点,国内外学者也对其进行了大量研究。作者从病原基因组及其编码的蛋白质、致病力、变异性以及对人类感染A IV的分子机制等角度就A IV的分子生物学研究作一综述,为防制A I提供理论基础,并在此基础上探讨了人类禽流感的防治措施,加深人们对A I的认识。     

家蚕亲环蛋白A基因(BmCyPA)的克隆与表达分析

亲环蛋白(CyP)能与免疫抑制剂环孢霉素A(CsA)结合而作为CsA的胞内受体。在已构建的家蚕蛹cDNA文库中获得了家蚕亲环蛋白A(BmCyPA)基因的cDNA序列。利用生物信息学方法对此序列的开放阅读框(ORF)和序列同源性等进行分析,并以家蚕蛹总RNA反转录的cDNA为材料克隆了BmCyPA,通过原核表达目的蛋白后,将纯化的BmCyPA融合蛋白免疫新西兰兔得到抗血清,Western blotting检测目的蛋白在蚕体中得到表达。利用荧光定量PCR方法检测家蚕5龄幼虫各组织中BmCyPA mRNA的转录水平,由高到低依次为脂肪体、丝腺、中肠、马氏管、表皮、头部、气门、卵巢;Western blotting检测BmCyPA在5龄幼虫各组织中的表达水平,由高到低依次为脂肪体、气门、表皮、马氏管、中肠、丝腺、头部和卵巢。亚细胞定位显示Bm-CyPA在细胞质与细胞核中均有分布。推测BmCyPA与家蚕的生长发育以及促进蛋白质折叠和介导免疫应答等有密切联系。     

两个黄芪亚种染色体数目与核型分析

前人研究认为膜荚黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.）与蒙古黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.var.mongholicus （Bge.）Hsiao）染色体数目为2n=16。本试验采用根尖染色体常规制片方法,观察了膜荚黄芪与蒙古黄芪种子根尖有丝分裂相。结果显示：膜荚黄芪与蒙古黄芪染色体数目为2n=18,这2种植物各有4条小染色体。膜荚黄芪染色体核型公式为K（2n）=2x=18=4sm+14m,核型类型为2B型。蒙古黄芪染色体核型公式为K（2n）=2x=18=6sm+12m,核型类型为2C型。     

Comparison of dietary essential amino acid requirements determined from group‐housed versus individually‐housed juvenile bluegill,Lepomis macrochirus

Two 60‐day experiments were conducted sequentially to determine (i) lysine requirement of juvenile bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus based on the dose–response method, (ii) requirements for other essential amino acids (EAAs) using whole‐body amino acid profile and (iii) whether differences in growth rates of group‐housed versus individually‐housed bluegills lead to different lysine requirement levels because of the presence and absence, respectively, of social hierarchies. Seven, semi‐purified, experimental diets (isonitrogenous, isocaloric) were prepared to contain graded levels of digestible lysine (10–31 g kg⁻¹). Experiment‐1 involved group‐housed bluegills (approximately 27 g, n = 10 fish/chamber, 4 chambers/diet) whereas experiment‐2 involved individually‐housed bluegills (approximately 30 g, n = 1 fish/chamber, 14 chambers/diet). Fish were fed twice daily to apparent satiation. Bluegill growth responses in both experiments generally improved (P < 0.05, anova ) with increasing dietary lysine levels from 10 to 16 g kg⁻¹, and then levelled off with further increase in lysine level (P > 0.05). Optimal dietary lysine level (digestible basis) was estimated to be 15 g kg⁻¹ based on broken‐line regression analyses of relative growth rate and feed conversion ratio with no differences being observed between the two rearing methods. Determined dietary requirement levels for other EAAs ranged from 2.4 g kg⁻¹ (tryptophan) to 15.3 g kg⁻¹ (leucine).     

Effect of dietary GroBiotic®‐A supplementation as a prebiotic on the intestinal microflora,growth performance,haemato‐serological parameters,survival rate and body composition in juvenile beluga (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1754)

The objectives of the present study were to investigate of GroBiotic^®‐A (GBA) on growth, autochthonous intestinal microbiota and haemato‐serological parameters of beluga juvenile. A total of 180 fish (40.82 ± 5.81 g) were fed diets containing graded levels of GBA (0, 5, 10 and 20 g kg^?1 diet) for 8 weeks. No significantly differences in body composition, total viable aerobic bacteria, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, albumin, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were detected between treatment groups. The fish fed on 10 and 20 g kg^?1 GBA significantly showed higher lactic acid bacteria, final weight, body weight increases, weight gain and lower feed conversion ratio compared with the control and 5 g kg^?1 groups. The group fed 20 g kg^?1 GBA showed a highly significant difference in condition factor, survival rate, final length, total red and white blood cells, lymphocytes, haematocrit, haemoglobin, total protein, total immunoglobulin and lysozyme activity. The specific growth rate of the treatment groups was significantly elevated compared with the control groups. These results indicated that GBA at level 20 g kg^?1 improved growth, welfare and survival of beluga juvenile.     

延黄牛ALDH1A1基因CDS序列克隆及其在各组织中的表达差异研究

为探索乙醛脱氢酶1A1(acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1,ALDH1A1)基因功能,本试验以16月龄延黄牛母牛为研究对象,屠宰后采集心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃、十二指肠、皮下脂肪和背最长肌,提取总RNA。根据GenBank上公布的牛ALDH1A1基因mRNA序列(登录号:NM_174239.2),利用Oligo 7.0软件设计引物,应用RTPCR扩增ALDH1A1基因,将扩增产物连接pMD18-T载体进行克隆测序,获得延黄牛ALDH1A1基因完整CDS序列,应用生物信息学软件分析核苷酸序列及其蛋白结构。以延黄牛不同组织总RNA为模板,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测ALDH1A1基因在延黄牛各组织间的表达差异。结果显示,ALDH1A1基因CDS序列全长1 506bp,编码501个氨基酸;延黄牛ALDH1A1基因序列与野牛、牛的同源性最高(≥99.7%),与猫和豹的同源性分别为89.4%和89.6%,符合物种进化规律。ALDH1A1蛋白分子质量为54.805ku,理论等电点为7.16,亲水性较强,占86.4%,酸性氨基酸和碱性氨基酸分别占11.4%和12.2%,属于可溶性蛋白,但不是分泌性蛋白,无典型信号肽切割位点;存在31个氨基酸磷酸化位点(分值>0.5)。延黄牛ALDH1A1蛋白二级结构含有α-螺旋、延伸链、β-转角和无规则卷曲,分别占42.12%、16.17%、8.18%和33.53%,与该蛋白三级结构预测结果相同。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,ALDH1A1基因在延黄牛肝脏、胃、皮下脂肪、十二指肠和肾脏组织中极显著表达(P<0.01);在背最长肌中显著表达(P<0.05)。本试验结果为进一步开展延黄牛ALDH1A1基因功能及肉质基因筛选研究提供了参考依据。     

维生素A对肉牛脂肪沉积及其调控的研究进展

维生素A是肉牛维持正常生理功能、生化代谢及生长发育所必需的一类脂溶性维生素,机体自身不能合成,必须由饲粮供给。饲粮中维生素A不仅影响肉牛视觉和骨骼发育,也对肉牛脂肪沉积和肌肉大理石花纹形成等发挥着重要调控作用。在生产中,肉牛处在不同生理阶段对维生素A的需要量也不同,胎牛和犊牛阶段补充维生素A可增强肌内脂肪细胞发育和脂肪细胞增生,促进肌内脂肪沉积;育肥期限饲维生素A可提高肉牛的肌内脂肪沉积和大理石花纹等级。大理石花纹与牛肉的嫩度和风味密切相关,是衡量牛肉品质的重要指标。维生素A在肉牛体内通过其活性代谢产物视黄醇、视黄醛和视黄酸促进脂肪的形成,并在成脂定型、成脂分化和脂质蓄积的每个阶段都发挥重要作用。脂肪沉积过程受转录因子过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体（peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors,PPARs）、CCAAT增强子结合蛋白（CCAAT-enhancer binding proteins,C/EBPs）和Janus激酶-信号转导及转录激活因子（JAK-STAT）信号转导通路等调控。表观遗传修饰的DNA甲基化和去甲基化也可通过调控脂肪形成过程中相关基因的表达参与脂肪细胞的分化和脂肪组织的生长发育,从而影响肉牛的脂肪沉积。作者主要介绍了脂肪组织不同阶段的形成过程和维生素A的生物学功能;重点阐述了肉牛在不同生理阶段补充和限饲维生素A,通过转录因子的表达、表观遗传修饰等途径来影响成脂相关信号通路调控脂肪沉积的机理,以期为促进维生素A改善肉牛品质和高档牛肉生产提供参考。     

重组牛皮蝇素A蛋白的免疫试验

用由毕赤酵母表达的皮蝇素A（Hypdermin A，HA）蛋白分别免疫新西兰大白兔和牦牛，了解该蛋白免疫效果。用两种不同分子量的重组HA蛋白分别免疫新西兰大白兔1次和2次，ELISA测其抗体消长规律。结果表明，3周后抗体水平达到峰值，后缓慢下降。50KD蛋白免疫效果较30KD蛋白好，差异非常显著（P〈0．01）。用其中50KD的重组HA蛋白分别在7月和9月免疫自然感染牛皮蝇蛆病牦牛，观察感染率和感染强度，ELISA测其抗体消长规律。结果表明，7月免疫组与9月免疫组感染率分别为83．3％和36．3％（对照组为55．5％）；平均感染强度分别为6．5和4．2（对照组为13．0），差异不显著（P〉0．05）。免疫后，抗体水平上升，3个月后缓慢下降。9月免疫组免疫效果较7月免疫组好，三组抗体水平差异非常显著（P〈0．01）。上述研究结果为防治牛皮蝇蛆病疫苗的深入研究和实践运用提供了参考依据。     

A comparison of retinol, retinal and retinyl ester concentrations in larvae of Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) fed Artemia or zooplankton

Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) larvae were fed enriched Artemia or zooplankton in duplicate tanks from 0 to 60 days after first‐feeding. Both diets and the larvae were analysed for vitamin A (VA) in order to confirm earlier findings, in which Artemia fed larvae had lower levels of VA compared with larvae fed zooplankton. Furthermore, we wanted to investigate the composition of the retinoids in the larvae. The results showed that Artemia and zooplankton contains low levels of VA, probably too low to sustain the assumed requirement. Nevertheless, larvae fed Artemia had the same level of retinal and retinol as larvae fed zooplankton. We found a significant lower level of retinyl esters in larvae fed Artemia. The total VA level was lower in larvae fed Artemia only at the end of the feeding trial after the onset of metamorphosis. Our conclusion is that feeding Artemia to Atlantic halibut larvae is not likely to cause VA deficiency.     

Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to subgroup A avian leukosis virus

Avian leukosis virus subgroup A (ALV‐A) is a retrovirus which infects egg‐type chickens and is the main pathogen of lymphoid leukosis (LL) and myeloid leukosis (ML). In order to greatly enhance the diagnosis and treatment of clinical avian leukemia, two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to ALV‐A were developed by fusion between SP2/0 and spleen cells from mice immunized with expressed ALV‐A env‐gp85 protein. Using immunofluorescence assay (IFA), two MAbs reacted with ALV‐A, but not with subgroups B and J of ALV. Western blot tests showed that molecular weight of ALV‐A envelope glycoprotein recognized by MAbs was about 53 kD. Isotyping test revealed that two MAbs (A5C1 and A4C8) were IgG1 isotypes. These MAbs can be used for diagnosis and epidemiology of ALV‐A.