Crack formation due to weathering of radial and tangential sections of pine and spruce

Abstract

The development of cracks and changes in appearance have been investigated on radial and tangential sections of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce (Picea abies Karst.) after exposure outdoors for 61 months. The degradation of the sections has also been studied at the micro-level. The annual ring orientation was the most important factor affecting crack development on weathering. After 61 months of outdoor exposure, the tangential sections of spruce had 1.7–2.2 times greater mean total crack length per area unit than the corresponding radial sections. In pine, the total crack length per area unit on the tangential sections was 2.2–2.6 times greater than that on the radial sections. Tangential and radial sections show the same colour change as a result of weathering. Tangential sections have more and deeper cracks than radial surfaces. The cracks on the tangential sections occur frequently in both earlywood and latewood. On radial sections, cracks occur primarily at the annual ring borders, but to a certain extent also in the earlywood. Decomposition of the cell wall takes place in both radial and tangential cell walls, and cracks tend to follow the fibril orientation in the S2-layer of the cell wall. The radial cell wall of the earlywood has a large number of pits which are degraded at an early stage.     

油茶长林品种引进及综合评价

从江西引进8个油荼长林品种(‘长林3号’、‘长林4号’、‘长林18号’、‘长林23号’、‘长林27号’、‘长林40号’、‘长林53号’和‘长林166号’),开展了其在引种地生长适应性、物候期、主要经济性状、果实品质等试验研究,并进行综合评价.结果表明:油茶长林品种在引种地表现出了较强的生长适应性,物候期与原产地较为一致,产量和鲜出籽率等主要经济性状间差异显著,与对照品种差异亦显著.果实品质与原产地相比差异较小.筛选出综合性状表现更为优良的5个品种,分别是‘长林4号’、‘长林27号’、‘长林23号’、‘长林3号’和‘长林40号’.     

国槐枝叶水分特征及其对树干边材液流的影响

为探明国槐Sophora japonica组织含水量、水势、水容等枝叶水分特征及其对树干边材液流的调节和影响,于2007年3月下旬至2008年3月下旬利用热扩散式边材液流检测技术(TDP)、压力室技术等对生长在北京林业大学校园内的国槐树干边材液流、组织含水量、水势、水容等进行了系统研究。结果表明:城市环境下,(1)国槐树干边材液流速率日变化春季和夏季呈双峰曲线,秋季呈单峰曲线;液流峰值出现时间春季最早,夏季次之,秋季最晚;春季和秋季液流速率峰值较夏季高,但峰值维持时间夏季较春、秋两季长。(2)国槐枝条与叶片绝对含水量、水势、水容具有相似的日变化规律,但不同季节日变化有所差异。(3)整个生长季,国槐含水量、水势、水容的大小排序为春季夏季秋季;枝条平均含水量(52.12±2.59)%叶片平均含水量(69.59±4.64)%;枝条平均水势(-1.70±0.74)MPa叶片平均水势(-1.87±0.65)MPa;枝条水容(1.488±3.060)g.cm-3.MPa-1叶片水容(5.86±6.70)×10-3g.cm-3.MPa-1。(4)国槐组织水容日变化与树干边材液流速率日变化反向相关,国槐枝叶含水量、水势、水容等共同作用和调节其蒸腾耗水。     

金线莲扦插繁殖试验初报

通过金线莲繁殖试验,在西双版纳雨季,扦插基物以陶粒+河沙比陶粒+腐殖土好,带叶的比不带叶好;旱季,陶粒+甘蔗渣比陶粒好,无叶苗成活率高;大苗比小苗成活率高。     

不同提取缓冲液对三尖杉DNA 提取质量的影响

采用CTAB法研究不同提取缓冲液对三尖杉DNA 提取质量的影响。结果表明：提取三尖杉DNA的最佳缓冲液所含物质及浓度为100 mmol·L-1TrisHCl pH 8.0+0.14 mol·L-1NaCl+2%CTAB+20 mmol·L-1EDTA +2%β 巯基乙醇。采用改进的CTAB法提取了15个三尖杉优树样品的DNA,提取的DNA质量均较高,可以满足分子标记分析的要求。     

患红体病凡纳滨对虾肝胰腺NAGase基本性质的改变研究

[目的]为虾养殖过程中红体病的诊断和控制提供重要的理论依据。[方法]分别测定健康和患红体病的凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vanname）的肝胰腺N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（EC3.2.1.52,NAGase）的比活力及其性质差异。[结果]2种来源NAGase的比活力、基本酶学性质等均存在差异。对虾患红体病后,肝胰腺NAGase的比活力和最适温度下降,但催化反应动力学常数Km、Vm值和活化能上升。[结论]该研究表明NAGase与对虾患病可能存在着密切关系。     

高效液相色谱法测定花生仁中甲咪唑烟酸残留

目前花生仁中甲咪唑烟酸残留量的检测是参考国标中茶叶农残的方法,花生仁基质含有大量的油脂和蛋白质,这与茶叶基质有显著区别,且该方法只能定性。本文建立了一种高效液相色谱法定量检测花生仁中甲咪唑烟酸残留量的方法。花生仁样品采用乙腈溶液提取后再经过除脂净化处理,以乙腈:0.02mol/L磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(加入0.1%的三乙胺,磷酸调pH3.0)体积比1:3作为流动相进行高效液相色谱紫外检测器分析。结果表明:甲咪唑烟酸标准在0~1.2mg/L范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.9999),检出限为7μg/kg;加标回收率为91.1%~98.9%;精密度、重复性、稳定性都较好。该方法操作简便、分离度好、结果准确,能很好地满足花生仁中甲咪唑烟酸残留量检测的要求。     

厚皮甜瓜新品种‘京蜜8号’的选育

‘京蜜8号’是以‘B203’为母本、‘T24’为父本选育而成的杂交1代厚皮甜瓜新品种。该品种植株长势稳健,中晚熟,全生育期115～120 d,果实发育期46～50 d。果实椭圆形,果形指数1.21,果皮浅黄色,覆白色网纹,外形美观,果肉浅橙色,肉质松脆,口感清香,果肉厚度约3.9 cm,单果质量1.50 kg左右,667 m^2产量约2 600 kg。中心可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)15.5%～16.5%,边部11.5%。不脱蒂,极耐贮运。适宜北京、河北、河南、内蒙古、浙江、山东、陕西等地区设施栽培,2016年7月通过北京市种子管理站鉴定。     

A genetic linkage map in southern‐by‐spring oat identifies multiple quantitative trait loci for adaptation and rust resistance

We developed 178 recombinant inbred lines from a southern‐by‐spring oat population designated as “TxH.” These lines were genotyped to generate a high‐quality linkage map that resolved 6,902 markers into 21 linkage groups that matched closely with the latest hexaploid oat consensus map. Three major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting heading date were found in locations that are consistent with known QTLs and candidate genes, and two other QTLs affecting heading date were found in novel locations. Five QTLs affecting plant height were found. Both sets of QTLs are responsible for transgressive segregation observed for these two traits. Four QTLs affecting resistance to crown rust, caused by the pathogen Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae, were identified. Two of these QTLs are consistent with known clusters of rust resistance genes, while two may represent new locations of novel rust resistance genes. A complete set of SNP sequences suitable for generating markers for molecular selection is provided.     

Development of a core set of KASP markers for assaying genetic diversity in Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis Makino

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are rapid, economical and reliable genotyping tools. Non‐heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis Makino) is now an economically important vegetable crop worldwide. In this study, 1,167 SNPs were evaluated for 7polymorphism among 70 representative non‐heading Chinese cabbage inbred lines using a Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping assay. On the basis of identified polymorphisms and the results of a principal component analysis, we selected 50 core SNPs that were balanced sufficiently to provide adequate information for genetic identification. The core SNPs were used for construction of a neighbour‐joining dendrogram that separated the 70 inbred lines into four main groups and several subgroups corresponding to Caixin, Heiyebaicai, Huangxinwu, Naibaicai, Taitsai, Pak‐choi, and Wutatsai. This categorization was superior to that achieved using a dataset of 479 polymorphic SNPs. To confirm the utility of the core SNP markers in genetic identification, we tested their stability and resolution using 162 commercial hybrid cultivars. The SNPs, which represent a cost‐effective, accurate marker set for germplasm analysis and cultivar identification, are suitable for molecular marker‐assisted breeding in non‐heading Chinese cabbage.