水稻亲本遗传分化程度与籼粳杂种优势的关系

本文利用两套材料,即来自一个籼／粳交（圭６３０／０２４２８）的双单倍体（ＤＨ）系和另一组由多种类型的籼、粳组成的对照组,从分子水平上研究了水稻亲本的遗传分化程度。在此基础上探讨了亲本的遗传分化程度与籼粳杂种优势的关系。两套测交Ｆ１群体的结果一致表明,亲本遗传分化程度对穗数和千粒重的影响相对较小,但是对每穗结实粒数和结实率这两项体现育性的指标影响较大。当亲本遗传分化综合指数ＴＤｊ值为２０￣２５时,育     

A recurrent selection programme for grain yield in winter barley

Summary The effect of a recurrent selection procedure was evaluated in a winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) population. Cycle zero (C₀) was initiated by crossing six high yielding winter barley cultivars with the short straw cv Onice. The F₁'s were crossed according to a diallel scheme without reciprocals. A total of 750 S₀ plants were derived and evaluated; 329 S₀ plants were selected and their progenies (S₁ lines) tested. Fifteen S₁ lines were chosen and used as parents of cycle 1 (C₁), by producing 105 F₁ hybrids which simulated a random mating offspring. One hundred and three randomly chosen S₁ lines belonging to C₀, and 103 S₁ lines belonging to C₁, were evaluated at two locations.For grain yield a significant difference between cycles was observed. From C₀ to C₁ the grain yield increased with 307 g/m². This increase was due to a higher number of seeds per m². For plant height, heading date and 100-kernel weight no differences between cycles were observed.The positive results obtained in this study indicate the potential usefulness of recurrent selection for developing parents or lines superior for grain yield, with little change in other important agronomic traits.     

陆地棉原生质体培养与植株再生

以陆地棉品种“珂字２０１”为材料,比较了ＩＡＡ＋ＫＴ和２,４－Ｄ＋ＫＴ在愈伤诱导和悬浮培养中的效应,结果表明：愈伤组织诱导中,ＩＡＡ和２,４－Ｄ表现为正效应,且２,４－Ｄ的效应强于ＩＡＡ;ＫＴ表现为负效应;胚性愈人务悬浮培养中;３种激素都表现出负效应。以胚性细胞悬浮系了原生质体的分离和培养试验,分离原生质体的最佳酶组合为纤维素酶３％＋果胶酶１．５％,原生质体培养的最佳激素为ＩＡＡ０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ＋Ｋ     

用主成分分析法研究西葫芦早熟性及品种分类

通过观察与分析５２个西葫芦品种的１１个性状,利用主成分分析法确定出５个主要分量性状,其中第一、第二主分量性状的累积贡献率为６５．０６％．根据其主分量的大小选出了综合性状优良的早熟西葫芦材料,并利用主成分分析法将５２份西葫芦材料分为６类。     

棉株载铃量对其主要生育性状的影响

采用 熟性不同 的３ 个陆 地棉 品种 ,在 肥水 充 足的 生 长条 件下 ,研 究了 棉 株不 同载 铃 量对其主要 生育性状 的影响 。结果表 明, 棉株 载铃 量 对株 高、果枝 总长 、果 节总 数均 有 极强 的 影响 ,其影响强 度随载 铃量的增 加而增加 ,累积 影 响量 随棉 株 生长 发 育时 间的 延 长而 增大 ;但 棉株 载 铃量对主茎 节数、果 节平均长 度影响 不显 著。 由此 分析 了 蕾铃 脱 落和 棉株 旺 长之 间的 关 系,以 及 棉株在一定 地力条 件下适宜 的单株载 铃量。     

陆地棉×亚洲棉F_0成胚频数与亲本主要产量性状配合力的关系

陆地棉×亚洲棉F_0成胚频数主要受母本陆地棉的影响,不同的7个陆地棉品种间存在着显著差异.成胚频数高的6901和朝阳1号,单铃子棉重、单铃种子数、子指一般配合力亦均高;而成胚频数低的6913和黑山棉,上述各性状的一般配合力也均低.在7个父本亚洲棉中,与陆地棉杂交当代成胚频数高的束鹿白花和完紫,其子指的一般配合力也较高.因此,选择单铃子棉重、单铃种子数、子指一般配合力较高的陆地棉作母本与子指一般配合力较高的亚洲棉作父本杂交,可以显著提高种间杂交当代的成胚频数.     

沙引发对紫花苜蓿种子盐逆境下发芽及幼苗生理生化变化的影响

试验以紫花苜蓿品种维多利亚和金皇后种子为材料，研究了沙引发处理对高盐(0．8％NaCl)逆境下种子发芽及幼苗生理生化变化的影响。结果表明，沙引发处理能显著提高紫花苜蓿两个品种种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数，缩短平均发芽时间，显著增加幼苗干重，同时提高了过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性，减少丙二醛(MDA)的积累。说明沙引发提高了紫花苜蓿种子的活力和抗盐胁迫能力，促进了盐逆境下种子的萌发和幼苗生长。     

药剂处理对瓜尔豆种子低温萌发和活力的影响

用不同的药剂分别在20℃、15℃条件下浸泡瓜尔豆种子24h，放入15℃的发芽箱中发芽。结果表明：400ml／kg乙烯利、10mg／kgAMP、20mg／kg6-BAl5℃浸种显著或极显著的提高种子活力，促使种子低温萌发；而20℃浸种时对种子萌发没有显著影响。0．1％水杨酸钠在15℃条件下能显著提高种子的发芽率，较长时间的维持种子活力。0．1％甲醛处理完全杀死种子。20mg／kgIAA20℃浸种、30mg／kg2，4-D15℃浸种抑制种子的萌发。200ml／kgCCC、500mg／kgGA3、0．1mol／LKNO3、25ml／kg肌醇15℃或20℃浸种效果均不明显。     

Osmotic Adjustment in Maize (Zea mays L.): Changes with Ontogeny and its Relationship with Phenotypic Stability

Genetic variation for osmotic adjustment was examined in a group of maize hybrids during vegetative and silking stages. Estimates of osmotic adjustment were derived from measurements of leaf relative water content (RWC) and osmotic potential (Ψ o ) before day-break. The degree of adjustment was estimated from the In RWC/In Ψ o relationship. All cultivars examined showed some degree of osmotic adjustment and significant differences (P < 0.05) were found among them. The utility of measurements in early vegetative stages as a mean of selection for osmotic adjustment in silking stage was established. A positive tendency was observed between osmotic adjustment and phenotypic stability.     

Interactive Effects of Salinity and Biological Nitrogen Fixation on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Growth

The effect of salinity on the nodulation, N-fixation and plant growth of selected chickpea- Rhizobium symbionts was studied- Eighteen chickpea rhizobial strains were evaluated for their growth in a broth culture at salinity levels of 0 to 20 dS m⁻¹ of NaCl + Na₂SO₄. Variability in response was high. Salinity generally reduced the lag phase and/or slowed the log phase of multiplication of Rhizobium. Nine chickpea genotypes were also evaluated for salt tolerance during germination and early seedling growth in Petri dishes at five salinity levels (0–32 dS m⁻¹). Chickpea genotypes ILC-205 and ILC-1919 were the most salt-tolerant genotypes. The selected rhizobial strains and chickpea cultivars were combined in a pot experiment aimed at investigating the interactive effect of salinity (3, 6 and 9 dS m⁻¹) and N source (symbiosis vs. inorganic N) on plant growth. Symbiotic plants were more sensitive to salinity than plants fed mineral N. Significant reductions in nodule dry weight (59.8 %) and N fixation (63.5 %) were evident even at the lowest salinity level of 3 dS m-¹. Although nodules were observed in inoculated plants grown at 6 dS m-¹, N-fixation was completely inhibited. The findings indicate that symbiosis is more salt-sensitive than both Rhizobium and the host plant, probably due to a breakdown in one of the processes involved in symbiotic-N fixation. Improvement of salinity tolerance in field grown chickpea may be achieved by application of sufficient amounts of mineral nitrogen.