Influence of Land-Use Legacies Following Shrub Reduction and Seeding of Big Sagebrush Sites

Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) plant communities often require management to reduce shrub density and rehabilitate understory vegetation. We studied vegetation responses to a two-way chain harrow treatment and broadcast seeding of 12 herbaceous species at eight Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata Nutt. subsp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) sites. These sites differed in land-use history; five were cultivated for dryland wheat production during the 1950 ? 1980s and then seeded with introduced forage grasses (C-S), while three had not been exposed to this land-use legacy (non C-S). Our objective was to evaluate whether the C-S legacy influences the magnitude of vegetation change following contemporary treatment. Before treatment, C-S sites had lower sagebrush cover, higher dead sagebrush cover, and higher broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae [Pursh] Britton & Rusby) cover than adjacent non C-S sites. Plant community change 3 years after treatment, determined with multivariate ordination analysis of species composition, varied between site histories, and response to treatment was most strongly correlated with reductions in sagebrush cover, increases in perennial grasses, and increases in 10 other herbaceous species—including some undesirable species and four that were seeded in 2010. Five years after treatment, mature sagebrush cover remained reduced for both land-use histories, yet density of sagebrush seedlings and broom snakeweed increased in C-S sites during the second and third years after treatment. In addition, perennial forb cover increased for C-S sites, while perennial grass biomass increased for non C-S sites. Our results emphasize that broad variability in plant community responses to sagebrush reduction and seeding is possible within the same ecological site classification and that legacy effects due to the combination of past cultivation and seeding should be considered when planning restoration projects, including the consideration that seeding may not always be necessary on C-S sites.     

不同追播处理的Tifway生物量及追播草坪综合质量差异性研究

1998-2000年,选用多花黑麦草、多年生黑麦草、紫羊茅、匍匐翦股颖在四川农业大学草学试验基地的种间杂交狗牙根Tifway(Cynodon dactylon×C.transvaalensis)模拟运动场地进行冬季追播试验.结果表明,未处理Tifway的地上生物量随温度升高而增加,而地下生物量的变化趋势不明显,地上、地下生物量比值保持在一个稳定区间,追播处理下Tifway的地下、地上生物量比值发生明显变化.除用多花黑麦草追播的草坪质量低于Tifway单播外,其余追播处理的草坪质量均优于单播Tifway草坪,其中追播多年生黑麦草后的混合草坪质量评分最高,为7.27分(1999年,98-D-a).另外,追播草坪质量与播种量呈负相关(相关系数为-0.228和-0.212),与播种时间呈正相关(相关系数为0.461).     

水稻机械化直播优势、问题与发展对策

随着现代农业与农业机械化技术不断发展,传统水稻种植方式与技术越来越呈现出一定的不足,难以满足水稻高质量生产发展的需求,也与从事农业生产的农民利用农业机械减轻劳动强度、利用机械化生产节本增效的出发点不一致.从水稻机械化技术的相关问题着手,阐述了水稻机械化直播的现实性与必要性.     

北京地区紫花苜蓿最佳播种量试验

在顺义、通州、平谷和昌平进行不同播量试验,从9～24kg／hm2共设6个处理,试验表明：不同播种量对第1年紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa的生长影响大,随播种量的增加,单株分枝数减少;在第1年春季生长时,各播量对个体影响不大;随着苜蓿生长年限的增加,不同播种量对其生长发育的影响逐渐降低,产量之间的差异性越来越小;北京地区最佳播种量应控制在12～18kg／hm^2的范围内,播种量超过21kg／hm^2则群体生长发育有较大变化,影响产量。     

岩石边坡生态防护草种混播比例的研究

通过对成南高速公路高边坡草种不同组合混播比例的栽培试验,各项指标测定表明:供试草种中高羊茅、苜蓿在高边坡上生长良好,其中以高羊茅30%+苜蓿50%的组合群落结构最合理,其景观效果较好。     

Reliably colonising broiler chickens with Campylobacter spp. using a litter-based method

ABSTRACT

1. Chicken-associated Campylobacter spp. are the cause of most food poisoning cases in Europe. In order to study the host–pathogen interactions, a reliable and reproducible method of colonising chickens with the bacteria is required.

2. This study aimed to identify a more appropriate and less invasive method of colonisation (cf. gavaging) by seeding bedding material (litter) that commercial chickens are kept on with a mixture of Campylobacter spp., broth and faeces.

3. The first phase of the study tested the longevity of Campylobacter spp. recovery in seeded litter over 24 h: significantly more Campylobacter spp. was recovered at 0 or 3 h post-seeding than at 6 and 24 h post-seeding, indicating that the pathogen can survive to detectable levels for at least 3 h in this environment.

4. In the second phase, three groups of 10 broiler chickens (negative for Campylobacter spp. prior to exposure) were exposed at 21 days of age to one of three different Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli mixes (A, B, C), using the method above. At 28 days of age, birds were euthanised by overdose of barbiturate or cervical dislocation, and livers and caeca removed for Campylobacter spp. assessment.

5. All liver and 28/30 caeca samples tested positive for Campylobacter spp., with mix A and C giving higher counts in the caeca than mix B. The method of euthanasia did not affect Campylobacter spp. counts.

6. In conclusion, a successful method for reliably colonising broiler chickens with Campylobacter spp. has been developed which negates the need for gavaging and is more representative of how contamination occurs in the field.     

内蒙古阿拉善左旗4年采用机械模拟飞播牧草效益调查

阿拉善左旗４年机械模拟飞播牧草累计面积为２９８０ｈｍ＾２,实播面积为２９８０ｈｍ＾２,１９９７年１０月调查,保存面积为２９７０ｈｍ＾２,保存面积率为９９．７％,４年来播区植被盖度提高８．９６倍,有苗面积率提高３１．５３倍,牧草产量提高３５．９１倍,第一性生产产值和第二性生产产值分别是飞播总投资的０．６７倍和０．９７倍,机械模拟飞播牧草表现出明显的经济效益、生产效益和社会效益。     

陆地棉重组近交系产量及其构成因素的QTL分析

利用爱字棉1517×德州047重组近交系(recombinant inbred lines, RIL)中G6群体构建的SSR遗传连锁图谱及基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图法对QTL进行定位,并对主效QTL,加性×加性上位性QTL及与环境互作效应进行分析,为利用分子聚合方法提高产量提供理论依据。对2006年、2008年以及2009年的产量性状进行分离分析,检测到24个不同年份的主效QTL,其中相关于单株籽棉、单株皮棉、衣分、子指以及单株铃数的分别检测到1个不同年份稳定存在的主效QTL;对3年的产量性状作环境因子联合分析,检测到14个主效QTL,其中6个与环境互作,检测到20对加加上位性QTL,其中7对与环境互作。不同年份检测的稳定且受环境影响小或不受环境影响的与近处标记紧密连锁的主效QTL可用于分子标记辅助选择,以提高育种的效率。     

一年两作地区玉米直播机械化技术可行性研究

在山东一年两作的玉米播种中多年来一直沿用了麦田套种的习惯，成为机械化技术的大面积高效率应用的一个障碍。本文在总结山东省各地实践验的基础上，从机械技术的发展、玉米品种的培育和气候变迁等方面研究了实行玉米直播机械化技术的可行性，以期对于适宜地区的玉米生产提供参考。     

干旱胁迫对玉米耐旱自交系与旱敏感自交系苗期生理特性的影响

为了探讨玉米(Zea mays)的耐旱机理,为玉米耐旱种质改良提供材料,本试验以前期筛选出的玉米耐旱自交系廊黄、昌7 2和旱敏感自交系TS141为试验材料,在自然干旱条件下,用盆栽法对其形态与生理变化进行研究。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,3个玉米自交系的存活率降低,叶片中的相对含水量呈下降趋势,相对电导率、游离脯氨酸含量、保护酶SOD和POD的活性增加。干旱胁迫下,与旱敏感自交系TS141相比,耐旱系廊黄和昌7 2存活率较高,叶片的相对含水量、游离脯氨酸含量、保护酶SOD和POD的活性也比较高,相对电导率则较低。