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Deforestation principally to establish cattle pastures has created large expanses of land dominated by exotic grass prior to the establishment of the Cerro Blanco Protected Forest in Ecuador. A dry forest restoration program was carried out from 2008 to 2017. Tree planting sites were cleared in parallel lines through abandoned pasture and secondary vegetation using manual labor. Native tree species were produced in a nursery on site and used in yearly plantings during the rainy season. A total of 637 hectares were planted at an average stocking density of 1,000 trees per hectare. Growth data was collected from trees planted in nine sites from 2008 to 2017. Mortality rates were determined from a sample of 400 trees of twenty-two species. Survival of all species was greater than 50%. Ten species had survival rates greater than 90%. Vitex gigantea, with high survival rates, also had significantly greater growth rates than the other species (p < 0.0001) and showed the greatest yearly accumulation of total carbon (2.07 Kg C yr ?1 stem?1). Other species with high growth rates were Cordia alliodora and Centrolobium ochroxylum. This restoration program demonstrates that the dry forest restoration with timely maintenance and protection from fire and grazing is possible with intensive tree planting of native species. 相似文献
3.
Maurits W. Vandegehuchte Mohamed Braham Raoul Lemeur Kathy Steppe 《Irrigation and Drainage》2012,61(5):645-656
Improvement in irrigation techniques has led to an expansion of the irrigated olive area in Tunisia and consequently a rise in agricultural water consumption. Here, the actual water use of Olea europaea L. ‘Meski’ as estimated by thermal dissipation probe measurements was compared for different irrigation regimes: three plots with irrigation doses based on Penman–Monteith crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 0.33 × ETc and the local grower's experience (about 0.6 × ETc), respectively. The scaling up of sap flux densities proved to be difficult given the azimuthal and radial sap flux density variability and the conductive surface area asymmetry. Moreover, natural thermal gradients may lead to inaccurate use of standard sap flow formulas. Depending on the manner of upscaling, differences in water use of more than 50 l day‐1 per tree were obtained (up to 0.7 × ETc irrigation dose). Despite these difficulties, sap flow calculations seem crucial to accurately determine the water needs of the orchard under investigation, as they corresponded closely to the lowest irrigation dose which was considered sufficiently high as no significant differences in drought stress variables were detected between the plots. Therefore, irrigation based solely on ETc leads to wasting of water; hence, careful application of both meteorological and sap flow methods is desirable in irrigation scheduling. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
This paper discusses determinants of the historical and current spatial extent of the floodplain forest in Leipzig as well as its tree species composition using a GIS-data based delineation model and historical forest inventories for the floodplain forest in the district of Leipzig in Germany from the 19th to the 20th century. We found that the spatial extent of the floodplain forest remained considerably stable in spite of an overall decline in the entire floodplain area from the period where the city first experienced industrialisation in the 19th century to now. However, with river regulations and the alteration of forest management from coppice-with-standards forest to high forest in the 19th century, major changes can be found in the tree species composition of the floodplain forest. Comparing these findings with references from other European floodplain forests we discuss the impact of historical and current forest management as well as the city location's influence on the extent and tree species composition of urban floodplain forests. For urban forest management in particular there is a great need to integrate biophysical, historical and forestry knowledge when predicting future developmental trends. 相似文献
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I. Verinumbe 《Agroforestry Systems》1993,21(3):287-292
In order to obtain data which will facilitate the scientific development of multiple intercropping of trees in agroforestry systems, the effects ofFaidherbia albida Del. orZiziphus spina-christi L. Desf. on soil quality and on yield of interplantedLeucaena leucocephala L. were investigated. The distance to which bothFaidherbia albida andZiziphus spinachristi trees improved soil quality as well asLeucaena leucocephala andSorghum vulgare L. production around them was about two times the radius of the tree crown. Higher yields of plants underZiziphus spina-christi thanFaidherbia albida were explained by similarly higher concentrations of available phosphorus (P). Other soil parameters, including total nitrogen (N), were similar under both species; being higher under the tree canopies than away from them. The study identified optimum tree spacing for agroforestry to be twice the tree crown radius. It also demonstrated the advantages of multiple tree mixtures over pure stands in improving soil quality and productivity. 相似文献
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异速模型评估森林植被生物量有机碳储量 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在孟加拉的吉大港南部森林地区,利用异速模型评估森林植被的有机碳的储量.异速模型被分别应用测试树木(被划分两个胸高直径级)、灌木和草本植物.采用基部面积估算胸高直径级为从> 5 cm 到 ≤ 15 cm 和> 15 cm树木的生物量有机碳储量模型最好,分别有很高的决定系数(胸高直径级> 5 cm 到 ≤ 15 cm 的r2 为0.73697,胸高直径级> 15 cm 的r2为0.87703),且回归系数(P = 0.000)显著.其它模型(包括采用树高,胸高直径,树高和胸高直径,以及综合树高、胸高直径和木材密度)的线性和对数关系都表现出很低的决定系数.分别建立了20种优势树种的异速模型,采用树木基部面积的模型都得到很高的决定系数值.单独采用灌木和草本植物总生物量的异速模型有较高的决定系数(灌木的r2 为0.87948,草本植物的r2 为0.87325),且回归(系数)性显著(P = 0.000).生物量有机碳的评估是复杂的和耗时的研究,本研究所建立的异速模型可以应用于孟加拉和其它热带(地区)国家的森林植被的有机碳储量的测算. 相似文献
9.
K. G. Macdicken K. Hairiah A. Otsamo B. Duguma N. M. Majid 《Agroforestry Systems》1996,36(1-3):131-149
Imperata is shade-intolerant, although little is known of the relative roles of competition for light, water and nutrients in suppressing its growth. Shading of Imperata results in reduced carbohydrate storage, reduced rhizome and tuber-bulb production, reduced shoot dry weight, increased susceptibility to competition, increased susceptibility to herbicides and decreased vigor/regeneration. Herbaceous cover crops in the genera Calapogonium, Crotoleria, Mucuna and Pueraria have been shown to effectively suppress Imperata growth and can be used to prevent and in some cases eradicate Imperata. Tree fallows with fast-growing species such as Sesbania sesban, Acacia nilotica and Leucaena leucocephala can improve soil physical and chemical properties and suppress weed growth. Forest plantations have been successfully used, particularly with the use of moderate to high tillage, weeding and fertilizer inputs to suppress Imperata growth. These plantations produce marketable wood and reclaim the site for other uses. Additional research is needed to evaluate the specific nature of competition and allelopathic effects from Imperata. Continued evaluation of tree species and provenances for Imperata suppression, forms of tillage after woody fallow crops and the constraints to adoption of cover crops and trees as Imperata control measures are also needed. 相似文献
10.
云南红豆杉优树选择研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在云南红豆杉天然林分布区,以及3个重点栽培区的云南红豆杉人工林中,经广泛布点调查初选,采集初选林木小枝叶样品,进行紫杉醇、10-去乙酰巴卡亭Ⅲ(10-DAB)、巴卡亭Ⅲ、三尖杉宁碱(cephaloma-nine)、10-去乙酰-7-差向紫杉醇(10-DAET)、7-差向紫杉醇等6种紫杉烷类含量的检测,并通过扦插繁殖培育出初选优树的扦插苗栽培于立地条件一致的优树汇集区内,经2~2.9年再检测苗木的紫杉烷含量及测定苗木的生物量。以其紫杉烷含量、生物量、紫杉烷产量(紫杉烷含量×生物量)为云南红豆杉优树的评选指标,依此在云南全省的云南红豆杉天然林中评选出优树38株(1级8株、2级11株、3级19株),在云南红豆杉人工林中评选出优树17株(1级4株、2级13株),其选择增益很显著。根据优树的分布,在云南全省寻找到10个云南红豆杉紫杉烷高含量的种源区,这是以林木枝叶紫杉烷的含量为主要选择对象,进行云南红豆杉优树选择的一个新尝试。 相似文献